Research progress, exploration process, and challenges in marine sandy hydrates
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摘要: 天然气水合物是海洋能源的重要开拓领域，但南海泥质粉砂型水合物的技术和经济门槛高、开发潜力争议大。梳理了近20年中国、美国、日本在海域砂质水合物勘探中取得的重要进展和观点，对3种主要水合物类型(泥质粉砂孔隙充填型、泥质粉砂裂隙充填型、砂质孔隙充填型)进行论述，结合实例梳理了砂质水合物在岩心、测井、实验角度的特点，介绍了“水合物成藏系统”的勘探评价步骤，讨论了非成岩储层评价、温度—压力变化、地质力学、保压取心等难题挑战。结果表明，砂质孔隙充填型水合物(可拓展至粉砂粒级)是目前唯一具备经济价值的水合物类型，具有饱和度高(40%~90%)、电阻率高、地层强度高、石英含量偏高(56%~77%)、粒度中值偏高(约56~87 μm)等特点，多为白灰色、黑灰色分选均匀的粉砂状沉积，有明显磨砂感，发育孔洞构造。应当加强“水合物成藏系统”在砂质水合物勘探中的推广应用，进一步攻关非成岩储层评价、温度—压力变化引起的相变、复杂的地质力学问题、保压取心技术等问题。重新审视水合物的资源价值，以期为“两气合采”工作提供理论基础和科学参考。Abstract: Natural gas hydrates are a key area of development in marine energy resources. However, the technical and economic barriers for muddy silt gas hydrate exploration in the South China Sea are high, and their resource potential remains controversial. This paper reviews the significant advancements achieved in China, the United States, and Japan over the past 20 years in the exploration of marine sandy hydrates. It discusses three primary hydrate types, i.e., muddy silt pore-filling, muddy silt fracture-filling, and sandy pore-filling hydrates, and summarizes the characteristics of sandy hydrates based on core samples, well logging, and laboratory findings. This paper presents the exploration and evaluation procedures for the "hydrate accumulation system" and discusses the challenges such as non-diagenetic reservoir evaluation, temperature-pressure variations, geomechanics, and pressure-preserved coring. Results reveal that sandy pore-filling hydrates (extendable to silt-sized particles) are currently the only hydrate type with economic value, characterized by high saturation (40% to 90%), high resistivity, strong formation strength, high quartz content (56% to 77%), and higher median particle size (approximately 56 to 87 μm). Those hydrates are typically well-sorted silty deposits in white-gray or black-gray, with a frosted texture and pore structure development. It is recommended to enhance the popularization and application of the "hydrate accumulation system" in the exploration of sandy hydrates and further address the issues in non-diagenetic reservoir evaluation, phase transitions due to temperature-pressure changes, complex geomechanical problems, and pressure-preserved coring technology. In conclusion, a reassessment of hydrate resource value is needed to provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the co-production of natural gas and gas hydrates.
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Key words:
- sand hydrate /
- exploration and evaluation /
- resource potential /
- natural gas hydrates
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图 1 琼东南陵水18区X8矿体气烟囱上覆海底扇储层的水合物剖面和平面图
据参考文献[18]修改。
Figure 1. Profile and plan view of hydrates in submarine fan reservoirs overlying gas chimney of orebody X8 in district Lingshui 18, Qiongdongnan Basin
图 2 墨西哥湾WR313区块橙色砂岩和GC955区块水合物层对比
据参考文献[23]修改。
Figure 2. Comparison between orange sandstone in Walker Ridge Block 313 (WR 313) and hydrate layer in Green Canyon Block 955 (GC 955), Gulf of Mexico
图 4 琼东南海域典型砂质水合物岩心照片
a.砂质水合物取样刮痕；b.砂质水合物新鲜面特征；c.砂质水合物分解的孔洞特征。岩心直径约70 mm。
Figure 4. Core photos of typical sandy hydrates from sea area in Qiongdongnan Basin
图 5 深水区高饱和度水合物目标探测案例：超出稳定带并变化的似海底强振幅反射
据参考文献[1]修改。
Figure 5. Case study of high-saturation hydrate target in deep water: strong bottom simulating reflectors (BSR) extending beyond stability zone with varying amplitudes
图 6 日本南海海槽水合物厚层富砂质水合物勘探案例
据参考文献[1]修改。
Figure 6. Exploration case of thick sandy hydrates in Nankai Trough, Japan
图 7 墨西哥湾WR313区块水合物目标层振幅分析和极性反转
据参考文献[1]修改。
Figure 7. Amplitude analysis and polarity reversal of hydrate target layer in Walker Ridge Block 313 (WR313), Gulf of Mexico
图 8 墨西哥湾使用的T2P温度压力探针(全长8 ft)
据参考文献[23]修改。
Figure 8. T2P temperature-pressure probe for hydrate exploration in Gulf of Mexico (8 ft in length)
图 9 英国Geotek公司保压岩心分析和转移系统(PCATS)
据参考文献[23]修改。
Figure 9. Pressure Core Analysis and Transfer System (PCATS) by Geotek Ltd., UK
表 1 日本三次水合物试采结果对比 据参考文献[20]修改。
Table 1. Comparison of results from three hydrate production tests in Japan
要点 第一次 第二次 第三次、短期 第三次相较于前两次的差异 实施年份/区域 2013年/南海海槽 2017年/南海海槽 2023年/志摩半岛 生产井数量/水深 1口/约1 000 m 2口/约1 000 m 2口/约1 200 m(SM2井) 和1 400 m(SM1井) 深度更大 计划天数/日均产气量/日均产水量 2周/10×104 m3/500 m3 1个月/10×104 m3/500 m3 5天/5×104 m3/250 m3 以确认产气和获取数据为目的 实际日均产气量/ 日均产水量 约2×104 m3/ 150~200 m3 3 000~15 000 m3/ 100~500 m3 失败 降压方式/泵类型/安装位置 间接降压/电潜泵/井内 间接降压/电潜泵/井内 直接降压/电潜泵/切断装置上 简化(水合物二次生成) 生产管线/气水分离 2条(气/水分开)/井内 2条(气/水分开)/井内 1条(气/水共用)/船上 防止水合物二次生成 加热装置 抑制剂注入(乙二醇) 抑制剂连续注入(动力学水合物抑制剂) 适度、设备紧凑 切断装置 防喷器+水下测试树(300 t) 修井立管(80 t) 海底断开/中断系统(40 t) 轻量化、简化、省时(夹持器开关困难) 立管 21吋钻井立管 9.5/8吋套管 9.5/8吋和3.1/2吋双钻杆 同上 防砂对策装置 裸眼砾石充填 已活化的Geoform/未活化的Geoform 未活化的Geoform防砂筛管 (硬化/堵塞) 传感器位置 井内/电潜泵 井内/切断装置/电潜泵 筛管外侧/井内/切断装置/电潜泵 可测量井内外压差 
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表 2 水合物岩心分析标准包 据参考文献[20]修改。
Table 2. Standard kit for hydrate core analysis
序号 岩心分析项目 分析参数 目的 1 力学测试样品 不排水抗剪强度、密度、压实度等 地层力学特性 2 弹性应变恢复ASR 三维原位应力 力学研究和储层评估 3 旋转磁力仪 磁倾角 力学研究和储层评估 4 贯入试验 贯入强度 力学研究和储层评估 5 十字板剪切测试 剪切强度 力学研究和储层评估 6 孔隙气 气相色谱 作业风险、地质评估、水合物系统 7 顶空气 气相色谱 地质评估、水合物系统 8 孔隙水 离子色谱、盐分浓度 储层评估、水合物系统 9 X射线CT CT图像 图像分析，地质评估 10 MSCL-W、MSCL-I、MSCL-C 伽马、体积密度、磁化率 储层评估、水合物系统 11 岩心录像VCD 岩相、地质构造等 储层评估、水合物系统 12 岩矿XRD X射线衍射 储层评估、水合物系统 13 粒度分布PSD 粒度测量 储层评估 14 体积密度 体积密度 储层评估 15 颗粒密度 颗粒密度 储层评估 16 导热率 导热率 储层评估 17 微古化石 地质年代 地质评估、水合物系统
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