Fault-cavity bodies: probable spaces for large-scale hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in non-carbonate rock areas
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摘要: 碳酸盐岩沿断裂发育溶洞形成断溶体是很好理解的，毕竟碳酸盐岩容易被沿断裂活动的流体溶蚀，但在非碳酸盐岩区，流体对非碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用有限，是否也能形成沿断裂发育的洞穴并能运聚和富集油气？为了证明在非碳酸盐岩区沿断裂也存在大型的洞穴，能形成油气运聚的重要空间，以准噶尔盆地西部车排子隆起为例，通过野外考察、岩心观察、钻井分析、地震解释和物理模拟实验等途径和手段，开展了断裂内部结构、洞穴分布发育特征及油气差异运聚的研究，提出了在非碳酸盐岩区沿断裂的核部能够发育大型洞穴地质体即断洞体的观点。断裂活动中因断裂两盘活动而产生相对位移形成的空洞空间，即断洞体，它可以是断层两盘沿起伏的断层面(带)错动而产生，也可以是两盘沿断裂的倾向拉分而产生。断洞体的形成与溶蚀无关，与断裂面(带)起伏、走向断距或倾向断距、断裂产状及断裂两盘的运动方向有关。断洞体规模可能很大，主要分布于走滑断裂产状发生变化的部位或不同断裂的交叉部位，也可以发育在伸展或张扭应力集中且倾向断距明显的部位，断洞体能够聚集油气形成断洞体油气藏。断洞体的提出有利于解放思想，即在广大的碎屑岩、火山岩、变质岩等溶蚀作用不发育的非碳酸盐岩区，同样可以找到像塔河、顺北(富满)碳酸盐岩地区油气丰富的大型断层体油气藏。Abstract: In carbonate rocks, it is easy to understand that fault-cavity bodies form because they dissolve easily when fluids flow along faults, creating caves. However, non-carbonate rocks are not as easily dissolved by fluids. This raises the question of whether caves still develop along faults in such areas, and if so, whether they can facilitate the migration, accumulation, and enrichment of hydrocarbons. The study aims to demonstrate the existence of large caves along faults in non-carbonate rock areas, which are key spaces for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Taking the Chepaizi Uplift in the western Junggar Basin as an example, the internal structures in fault rocks, the distribution and development characteristics of caves, and differential hydrocarbon migration and accumulation were studied through field investigation, core observation, drilling analysis, seismic interpretation, and physical simulation experiments. This study suggests that large cave-like geological bodies, such as fault-cavity bodies, can form along fault cores in non-carbonate rock areas. The void space, formed by the relative displacement of two fault blocks during fault activity, is defined as a fault-cavity body. It can either form as the two fault blocks move along an undulating fault plane (zone), or they separate along the dip direction of the fault. The formation of fault-cavity bodies is not related to dissolution but is instead controlled by fault surface (zone) undulations, strike or dip separation, fault occurrence, and the movement direction of two fault blocks. fault-cavity bodies can be massive in scale and are often found where strike-slip fault occurrence changes, at the intersections of different faults, or in areas of concentrated extensional or transtensional stress with significant dip separation. These fault- cavity bodies can trap hydrocarbons, forming fault-cavity type hydrocarbon reservoirs. The concept of fault-cavity bodies challenges traditional perspectives, suggesting that in extensive non-carbonate rock areas, such as clastic, volcanic or metamorphic rock areas where dissolution effect is minimal, hydrocarbon-rich, large-scale fault-related hydrocarbon reservoirs, similar to those in carbonate rock regions of the Tahe and Shunbei (Fuman) oilfields can exist.
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图 1 准噶尔盆地西部车排子隆起及周边地区石炭系顶断裂格局
Figure 1. Fault pattern at top of Carboniferous in Chepaizi Uplift and surrounding areas in western Junggar Basin
图 2 因断层面不平整而形成的断洞体示意
Figure 2. Fault-cavity body formation caused by uneven fault planes
图 3 准噶尔盆地西部柳树沟南岸剖面观察点1沿某走滑断裂核部分布的断洞体照片
Figure 3. Photos of fault-cavity bodies distributed along strike-slip fault core at observation point 1, southern bank profile of Liushugou, western Junggar Basin
图 4 准噶尔盆地西部车排子隆起典型钻井揭示的可能断洞体岩心照片
Figure 4. Photos of cores of possible fault-cavity bodies obtained from typical drilling wells in Chepaizi Uplift, western Junggar Basin
图 5 准噶尔盆地西部小西湖与黑油山野外露头小型断洞体油藏照片
Figure 5. Photos of small fault-cavity type reservoirs in outcrops in Xiaoxihu and Heiyoushan, western Junggar Basin
图 6 准噶尔盆地西部乌尔禾沥青脉卫星照片(a)与5号走滑断裂结构及断洞体展布照片(b)
Figure 6. Satellite images showing bitumen veins (a) and strike-slip fault structure and fault-cavity body distribution at the fifth bitumen vein (b) in Wuerhe of western Junggar Basin
图 7 准噶尔盆地西部车排子隆起过排664井—排664侧井的联井地震解释剖面
Figure 7. Seismic interpretation of wells connecting through well Pai 664 and its sidetrack well in Chepaizi Uplift, western Junggar Basin
图 8 走滑断裂内部结构单元与储渗性及断洞体分布模式
Figure 8. Internal structural units of strike-slip faults and their reservoir permeability and distribution model of fault-cavity bodies
图 9 典型井油源对比(a)与准噶尔盆地西部车排子隆起断裂系统及油气运聚模式(b)
Figure 9. Oil and source correlation between typical wells (a) and fault system and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation model (b) in Chepaizi Uplift of western Junggar Basin
图 10 石油沿走滑断裂走向(断洞体)运聚成藏的实验模型
Figure 10. Experimental model of oil migration and accumulation along strike-slip fault strike (fault-cavity bodies)
图 11 常规与非常规油气构造演化与运聚富集动态定量模拟装置系统
Figure 11. Dynamic quantitative simulation device system for structural evolution and migration, accumulation, and enrichment of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons
图 12 石油沿走滑断裂走向(断洞体)运聚成藏的实验现象与实验过程照片
Figure 12. Photos of experimental phenomena and process of oil migration and accumulation along strike-slip fault strike (fault-cavity bodies)
图 13 石油沿走滑断裂走向(断洞体) 运聚成藏模拟实验的地质解释模式
Figure 13. Geological interpretation model for simulation experiments of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation along strike-slip fault strike (fault-cavity bodies)
图 14 断洞体提出的意义作为非碳酸盐岩区沿断裂走向分布于断层产
Figure 14. Hydrocarbon migration and accumulation model at top of Carboniferous in Chepaizi Uplift, western Junggar Basin
表 1 准噶尔盆地西部车排子隆起石炭系部分探井漏失量与漏失深度等参数统计
Table 1. Leakage volume and depth in Carboniferous exploration wells in Chepaizi Uplift, western Junggar Basin
序号 井名 漏失量/m3 漏失深度/m 亏空体积/m3 亏空深度/m 日产油/t 累计产量/t 产层深度/m 1 排674 3.0 1 091.05 34.0 1 091.05 0.05 15.700 1 043.62 2 排690 0.3 772.14 0.00 0.002 1 034.53 3 排664侧 42.5 820.80 4 排664侧 32.0 874.00 5 排664侧 18.0 1 394.14 27.3 1 477.00 14.70 97.400 1 477.00 6 排665 10.4 1 052.00 7 排665 34.5 776.86 8 排672 7.0 1 207.00 21.0 1 207.00 
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表 2 石英砂目数与渗透率的关系
Table 2. Relationship between mesh number and permeability of quartz sand
序号 石英砂目数 渗透率/10-3 μm2 1 180 1 156 2 100 2 266 3 80 3 746 4 60 5 596 5 40 7 816
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