Reservoir characteristics of high clay content and microporous tight litharenites in marine-continental transitional environments
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摘要: 海陆过渡相地层中致密砂岩气、页岩气和煤层气的勘探开发前景十分广阔。过去的研究工作主要集中在海陆过渡相的页岩和煤层的地质和地球化学特征上，对其中的致密砂岩关注较少。以黔西地区海陆过渡相上二叠统龙潭组砂岩为例，利用薄片观察、压汞法、核磁共振实验等技术手段，综合分析龙潭组致密砂岩储层特征。龙潭组砂岩属于岩屑砂岩，典型储层特征包括砂体单层厚度薄，岩屑和黏土含量高，基本以微孔为主，孔喉结构复杂，孔隙度和渗透率非常低。与国内其他大规模开发的致密砂岩相比，龙潭组砂岩岩屑成分含量更高，孔喉结构更致密，致密砂岩气潜力比较有限。龙潭组砂岩与泥岩和煤层呈互层分布，致密砂岩气与页岩气和煤层气的合采方式是可行的，从而为海陆过渡相非常规气开发找到突破口。Abstract: The resource potentials for the exploration and development of tight sandstone gas, shale gas, and coalbed gas in marine-continental transitional environments are very attractive. However, previous studies have mostly focused on the geological and geochemical characteristics of marine-continental transitional shales and coals, and less attention has been paid to the associated tight sandstones. This paper takes the sandstones in the west Guizhou as an example. The Longtan marine-continental transitional tight sandstones have been investigated using various techniques (e.g., thin section, mercury injection capillary pressure, and nuclear magnetic resonance) to illustrate the reservoir characteristics. The Longtan sandstones, according to our study, are classified as litharenites, and are characterized by thin layers, high rock fragment and clay contents, abundant micropores, complex pore-throat structures, and low porosities and permeabilities. Compared with other typical tight sandstones in China, the Longtan sandstones have more lithic content and tighter pore throat structures. Therefore, tight-gas potential is interpreted to be limited in the Longtan sandstones. However, a model for the commingled production of tight-sand gas, shale gas and coalbed methane could be viable since the Longtan sandstones are interbedded with coals and shales, which provides an opportunity for unconventional gas development in marine-continental transitional environments.
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图 1 黔西地区构造区划、地层和井资料
Figure 1. Tectonic divisions, lithological column, and well data of study area, west Guizhou
图 2 黔西地区上二叠统龙潭组主要岩性沉积环境和分布
Figure 2. Sedimentary environment and distribution of main lithofacies in Upper Permian Longtan Formation, west Guizhou
图 3 中国典型致密砂岩和黔西地区龙潭组致密砂岩矿物成分
a.中国典型盆地致密砂岩和黔西地区龙潭组致密砂岩；b.龙潭组岩屑砂岩：细粒，次棱，中等分选，单偏光，YV-1-1井，810.85 m；c.龙潭组岩屑砂岩：细—非常细的颗粒，次棱—次圆，中等—差分选，单偏光，YV-1-3井，681.11 m
Figure 3. Mineral composition of tight sandstones in Longtan Formation in west Guizhou and other typical tight sandstones in China
图 4 黔西地区龙潭组致密砂岩孔隙度和渗透率交会图
Figure 4. Cross-plots of porosity versus air permeability for Longtan sandstones in west Guizhou
图 5 黔西地区龙潭组砂岩的储集空间类型
Figure 5. Photomicrographs showing pores and microfractures within Longtan sandstones in west Guizhou
图 6 压汞法分析黔西地区龙潭组砂岩样品孔喉结构特征
a.压汞曲线；b.孔喉半径分布；c.毛管压力(Pc)和注汞饱和度(SHg)的分形分析
Figure 6. Pore throat structure characteristics of Longtan sandstones in west Guizhou by mercury injection capillary pressure analysis
图 7 中国典型致密砂岩和黔西地区龙潭组砂泥岩T2谱
a.贵州西部龙潭组砂岩，T2cutoff = 3.2 ms，束缚水饱和度74%，Y-28-1井，680.3 m；b.贵州西部龙潭组砂岩，T2cutoff = 2.4 ms，束缚水饱和度88%，XD-1-1井，1 150.8 m；c.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组砂岩，S103井，2 042.56 m[28]；d.四川盆地徐家河组砂岩，PL2井，2 877.21 m[10]；e.塔里木盆地巴什基奇克组砂岩，KS4井，3 390.54 m[10]；f.贵州西部龙潭组泥岩，Y-6井，982.8 m[13]
Figure 7. Nuclear magnetic resonance T2 spectra for tight sandstones and shale in Longtan Formation in west Guizhou and other typical tight sandstones in China
图 8 黔西地区龙潭组砂岩样品流体包裹体分析
a.包裹体均一温度柱状图；b.流体包裹体镜下照片
Figure 8. Fluid inclusion analysis of Longtan sandstones in west Guizhou
图 9 黔西地区龙潭组致密砂岩气、页岩气和煤层气合采示意
Figure 9. A schematic section of commingled production for tight gas, shale gas and coalbed methane in Longtan Formation, west Guizhou
表 1 黔西地区上二叠统龙潭组主要岩性单层厚度统计
Table 1. Statistics of single layer thickness of main lithofacies in Upper Permian Longtan Formation, west Guizhou
主要岩性 单层厚度/m 0~2 2~4 4~6 6~8 8~10 10~12 12~14 14~16 砂岩厚度占比/% 48.86 25.72 11.93 6.01 3.83 1.86 1.03 0.76 泥岩厚度占比/% 74.78 14.90 4.94 2.20 1.69 0.98 0.23 0.28 煤层厚度占比/% 87.25 10.85 1.36 0.27 0.14 0.13 0 0 
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表 2 黔西地区龙潭组砂岩样品X衍射全岩矿物成分及黏土矿物相对含量
Table 2. Mineral composition and relative clay mineral content the Longtan sandstone samples in west Guizhou based on X-ray diffraction analysis
% 测试
样品沉积相 黏土
总含量全岩定量分析 黏土矿物相对含量 石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 白云石 黄铁矿 菱铁矿 高岭石 绿泥石 伊利石 伊蒙混层 YV-1-1 三角洲 59 30 6 3 2 11 8 4 77 YV-1-2 三角洲 57 23 17 3 6 10 6 78 YV-1-3 三角洲 56 31 2 8 3 15 26 4 55 HV-3 三角洲 67 14 7 12 20 10 3 67 YV-4 三角洲 23.9 31.1 0.5 3.6 9.1 3.9 0.2 27.7 20 9 4 67 Y-28-1 潮坪—潟湖 21.2 16.3 0.3 0.5 17.7 40.5 3.5 6 12 18 64 Y-28-2 潮坪—潟湖 26.8 12 0.2 4.3 0.1 55.8 0.8 1 3 14 82 XD-1-1 潮坪—潟湖 25.8 12.2 0.5 4.3 0.1 56.1 1 4 9 16 71 XD-1-2 潮坪—潟湖 46.2 26.7 0.4 0.3 9.1 11.4 0.3 5.6 2 1 32 65
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