Geological characteristics and shale gas potential of Lower Cambrian Hetang Formation in Lower Yangtze region: a case study of Jiangshan-Tonglu area, western Zhejiang province
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摘要: 以往研究认为下扬子地区下寒武统暗色泥岩热演化程度普遍过高，制约了油气成藏，最新野外调查发现在浙西江山-桐庐地区存在热演化程度相对较低的区域。围绕该相对低值区域，以浙西区域地质调查资料、最新钻探的井下资料分析结果为基础，分析了江山-桐庐地区下寒武统荷塘组地质地化特征及页岩气勘探前景。该区荷塘组处于有利沉积相带内（深水盆地-陆棚相），具有沉积厚度大、有机质丰度高、热演化程度相对较低、脆性矿物含量高、黏土矿物含量适中、微孔隙微裂缝较发育等特点，认为该区具有较好的成藏物质基础。并以"高中找厚"（寻找高有机质丰度泥页岩沉积较厚区域）、"高中找低"（在普遍高热演化程度环境中寻找较低值区域）、"强中找稳"（在强构造背景中寻找地层稳定、埋藏较深区域）为原则，同时避开岩体以及岩浆活动较强烈的区域，优选出常山-开化地区为页岩气有利勘探区。Abstract: The high degree of thermal evolution is a main factor restricting the development of the Lower Paleozoic shale gas in the Yangtze region. The latest field study shows that there is a region with relatively lower thermal evolution in the Jiangshan-Tonglu area in western Zhejiang province. Centering on the lower thermal evolution area, this paper analyzes the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Hetang Formation, based on the regional geological survey of the western Zhejiang province and the latest borehole data analysis. The study area is located in a good sedimentary facies belt (basin-shelf facies), with a large deposition thickness, and a high organic matter abundance. While the thermal evolution degree is relatively low, with high brittle mineral content and moderate clay mineral content. And micro-pores and micro-fractures are well developed. The study area has a good material basis for accumulation. The Changshan-Kaihua area has been identified as the most favorable area for shale gas exploration on the basis of considering a thick shale deposit with high organic matter abundance, relatively low thermal evolution, stable tectonic background and deeply buried area, while avoiding the areas with relatively strong igneous activity.
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图 1 下扬子浙西地区构造单元划分及地层柱状图
Figure 1. Tectonic units and lithological column of western Zhejiang province, Lower Yangtze region
图 2 浙西江山—桐庐地区荷塘组沉积时期岩相古地理
Figure 2. Sedimentary facies distribution of Hetang Formation in Jiangshan-Tonglu area, western Zhejiang province
图 3 浙西江山—桐庐地区地层柱状剖面
图中纵坐标未按比例尺绘制，荷塘组地层厚度以图上标注数据为准。
Figure 3. Stratigraphic columns of Jiangshan-Tonglu area, western Zhejiang province
图 4 浙西江山—开化地区荷塘组样品稀土元素配分模式
Figure 4. REE distribution of Hetang Formation in Jiangshan-Kaihua area, western Zhejiang province
图 5 浙西江山—桐庐地区早寒武世荷塘期TOC和Ro展布
Figure 5. w(TOC) and Ro distribution of Lower Cambrian Hetang Formation in Jiangshan-Tonglu area, western Zhejiang province
图 6 浙西江山地区荷塘组泥页岩孔隙结构特征
a.野外天然张裂缝发育；b.普遍见张裂缝，被方解石半或全填充，ZJD-1井岩心；c.裂缝发育(背散射电子图像)，ZJD-1井，620.3 m；d.成岩收缩缝及微裂缝，ZJD-1井，620.3 m；e.裂缝和孔隙中充填黄铁矿，发育少量微米级粒内孔，ZJD-1井，620.3 m；f.孔隙中充填石英晶粒、有机质、片状伊利石，晶间孔、粒间孔较发育，ZJD-1井，639.2 m；g.溶蚀微孔较发育，ZJD-1井，620.3 m；h.微缝隙分布，局部发育粒间孔，ZJD-1井，620.3 m；i.有机质包裹黏土矿物，有机质孔发育较少，后岭坞露头样品
Figure 6. Pore structure in shale from Hetang Formation in Jiangshan area, western Zhejiang province
图 7 浙西江山—桐庐地区页岩气有利区优选
Figure 7. Potential district for shale gas exploration in Jiangshan-Tonglu area, western Zhejiang province
图 8 浙西常山—开化地区地质剖面及野外地层出露
a.常山—开化地区构造剖面；b-c.开化地区寒武系地层出露；d.常山地区寒武系地层出露；e.江山地区寒武系地层出露
Figure 8. Geological profile and outcrops in Changshan-Kaihua area, western Zhejiang province
表 1 浙西江山—开化地区荷塘组稀土元素分析结果
Table 1. REE analyses of Hetang Formation in Jiangshan-Kaihua area, western Zhejiang province
采样地区 样品 ΣREE/10-6 ΣLREE/10-6 ΣHREE/10-6 ΣLREE/ΣHREE (La/Sm)S (La/Yb)S (La/Sm)N (La/Yb)N δCe δEu 开化十里浦 L2D002-2 105.52 99.72 5.79 17.21 5.43 20.15 1.62 2.74 0.92 3.78 开化大山坞 L3D001-1 106.55 99.84 6.72 14.87 5.28 13.23 1.58 1.80 0.71 1.30 L3D001-2 102.07 95.28 6.79 14.03 5.41 14.85 1.62 2.02 0.85 2.44 常山白石镇 L4D009 122.89 111.04 11.85 9.37 3.66 9.30 1.09 1.27 0.92 1.12 L4D010 39.64 34.26 5.38 6.37 5.20 7.54 1.55 1.03 0.84 1.27 ZJD1井 ZJD-1 107.22 94.88 12.34 7.69 3.58 7.78 1.07 1.06 0.91 0.72 ZJD-2 61.39 54.21 7.18 7.55 3.11 7.84 0.93 1.07 0.93 1.30 ZJD-3 67.81 60.25 7.56 7.97 3.00 8.31 0.90 1.13 0.93 1.16 ZJD-4 74.54 65.85 8.69 7.58 3.31 8.03 0.99 1.09 0.92 1.07 ZJD-5 103.46 92.01 11.45 8.04 3.48 8.60 1.04 1.17 0.92 0.80 ZJD-6 128.74 114.54 14.20 8.07 3.95 9.01 1.18 1.23 0.88 0.70 ZJD-7 140.30 125.23 15.07 8.31 3.33 9.52 1.00 1.30 0.92 0.57 ZJD-8 91.04 80.87 10.17 7.95 3.58 8.68 1.07 1.18 0.93 0.93 ZJD-9 76.97 68.22 8.75 7.80 3.89 7.90 1.16 1.08 0.91 1.18 ZJD-10 65.76 58.02 7.74 7.50 3.38 7.54 1.01 1.03 0.93 1.36 ZJD-11 60.83 53.93 6.90 7.82 3.35 7.96 1.00 1.08 0.92 1.39 ZJD-12 49.99 43.61 6.38 6.84 3.54 7.52 1.06 1.02 1.01 1.70 ZJD-13 179.24 156.36 22.88 6.83 4.45 8.94 1.33 1.22 0.85 0.50 ZJD-14 321.22 258.58 62.64 4.13 3.24 5.80 0.97 0.79 0.49 0.19 ZJD-15 109.41 90.52 18.89 4.79 3.05 4.56 0.91 0.62 0.72 0.69 注：下标S表示球粒陨石标准化, 下标N表示北美页岩标准化[13]；δCe=2CeS/(LaS+PrS)，δEu=EuS/(SmS+GdS)0.5。 
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表 2 浙西江山—桐庐地区荷塘组泥页岩有机碳含量和成熟度数据
Table 2. w(TOC) and Ro data of shale from Hetang Formation in Jiangshan-Tonglu area, western Zhejiang province
序号 样品编号 岩性 w(TOC)/% Rb/% EqVRo[20]/% 序号 样品编号 岩性 w(TOC)/% Rb/% EqVRo/% 1 JH02 硅质碳质页岩 9.75 4.52 3.39 25 L4D009 碳质页岩 1.48 2.87 2.27 2 JH10 硅质碳质页岩 2.83 4.29 3.23 26 L4D010 硅质泥岩 3.76 3.12 2.44 3 JH13 硅质碳质页岩 15.30 4.37 3.29 27 Khmk-01 碳质页岩 3.99 3.03 4 JH14 硅质碳质页岩 13.23 3.74 2.86 28 Khmk-02 碳质页岩 4.68 3.50 5 JH16 钙质泥岩 0.64 4.61 3.45 29 Khmk-03 碳质页岩 3.15 2.46 6 JH17 硅质碳质页岩 2.86 4.53 3.40 30 Khmk-04 碳质页岩 4.70 3.51 7 JH18 碳质页岩 2.37 3.71 2.84 31 Khmk-05 碳质页岩 3.90 2.97 8 JH20 碳质页岩 4.09 2.85 2.25 32 Khmk-06 碳质页岩 4.93 3.67 9 JH30 碳质页岩 4.87 4.35 3.27 33 ZJD-1 硅质泥岩 3.13 4.27 3.22 10 JH32 碳质页岩 4.55 4.13 3.12 34 ZJD-2 硅质泥岩 3.52 3.56 2.74 11 JH37 碳质页岩 2.82 4.19 3.16 35 ZJD-3 硅质泥岩 3.51 3.48 2.68 12 JH41 钙质泥岩 0.79 4.66 3.48 36 ZJD-4 硅质泥岩 3.57 3.76 2.87 13 JH42 碳质页岩 6.00 4.32 3.25 37 ZJD-5 硅质灰岩 1.93 4.12 3.12 14 JH43 碳质页岩 18.60 4.74 3.54 38 ZJD-6 硅质灰岩 15 JH45 钙质泥岩 8.94 4.11 3.11 39 ZJD-7 硅质灰岩 2.76 9.71 2.84 16 JH46 硅质碳质页岩 5.18 4.31 3.25 40 ZJD-8 硅质灰岩 17 JH48 钙质泥岩 0.36 3.79 2.89 41 ZJD-9 黑色硅质泥岩 2.97 18 JH49 硅质岩 3.78 4.43 3.33 42 ZJD-10 黑色硅质泥岩 3.33 4.07 3.08 19 JH50 碳质页岩 4.61 4.32 3.25 43 ZJD-11 黑色硅质泥岩 3.57 20 JH52 碳质页岩 3.34 3.82 2.91 44 ZJD-12 黑色硅质泥岩 5.22 3.80 2.90 21 JH53 碳质页岩 23.52 4.65 3.48 45 ZJD-13 黑色硅质泥岩 16.93 3.76 2.87 22 JH58 碳质页岩 3.83 4.69 3.50 46 ZJD-14 黑色硅质泥岩 9.56 3.73 2.85 23 L2D002 硅质页岩 2.99 3.28 2.55 47 ZJD-15 黑色硅质泥岩 13.67 3.71 2.84 24 L3D001 硅质页岩 3.43 4.44 3.33 注：Rb为沥青随机反射率，EqVRo为等效镜质体反射率，EqVRo=0.679Rb+0.319 5[20]。
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表 3 浙西江山—开化地区荷塘组泥页岩主要矿物及黏土矿物组分
Table 3. Mineral and clay components of Hetang Formation in Jiangshan-Kaihua area, western Zhejiang province
样品 矿物组分/% 黏土组分/% 石英 PF PL Cal Dol Py Sid 黏土 I K C I/S C/S IS CS L2D002-2 46 22 0 0 2 2 28 71 23 0 6 0 5 0 L3D001-1 56 3 4 2 0 0 35 87 0 0 13 0 40 0 L3D001-2 7 21 7 7 0 0 15 0 0 2 98 0 5 0 L4D009 49 2 0 2 0 0 22 24 8 1 67 0 5 0 L4D010 67 3 0 17 3 2 8 12 5 7 76 0 5 0 ZJD-1 35.6 5.2 0.7 0.6 8.7 10 0 20 48 0 0 52 0 5 0 ZJD-2 68.4 1.4 0 3.4 4.5 2.2 0 11.6 43 0 0 57 0 5 0 ZJD-3 72.5 2.6 0 3.1 3.2 6.5 0 6.9 41 0 0 59 0 5 0 ZJD-4 64.3 2.4 0 3.7 5.7 5 0 18.9 36 0 0 64 0 5 0 ZJD-5 58.3 1.7 0 12.9 8.1 4.1 0 14.9 37 0 0 63 0 5 0 ZJD-6 56.6 2.2 0 14.5 3.9 6.4 0 14.5 ZJD-8 54.2 0 0 6.7 13.1 5.4 0 20.6 40 0 0 60 0 5 0 ZJD-9 68.1 2.7 0 3.2 6 5.9 0 14.1 41 0 0 59 0 5 0 ZJD-10 69.7 1.5 0 5.8 7.1 3.3 0 12.6 45 0 0 55 0 5 0 ZJD-11 66.1 1.4 0 7.6 6.9 5.9 0 12.1 42 0 0 58 0 5 0 ZJD-12 71.5 0 0 6.3 5.2 2.8 0 12.1 59 0 0 41 0 5 0 ZJD-14 61.6 4.7 0 0.5 1.9 7.4 4.3 15.2 47 0 0 53 0 5 0 ZJD-15 61.9 2.5 0 0.5 6.4 8.2 0 16.5 35 0 0 65 0 5 0 注：PF.钾长石，PL.斜长石，Cal.方解石，Dol.白云石，Py.黄铁矿，Sid.菱铁矿，I.伊利石，K.高岭土，C.绿泥石，S.蒙脱石，I/S.伊/蒙混层，C/S.绿/蒙混层，IS.伊蒙混层比，CS.绿蒙混层比。
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表 4 研究区荷塘组与中美典型含油气页岩地质参数对比[5, 8, 10, 25, 28-29]
Table 4. Comparison of geological parameters between Hetang Formation and typical oil/gas-bearing shale of China and America
页岩层系 美国页岩气层 中国页岩气层 Barnett Haynesville Utica Marcellus 五峰组—龙马溪组 筇竹寺组 荷塘组 地区 Fort Worth Sabine隆起 Appalachian Appalachian 涪陵地区 威远地区 江山—桐庐地区 地层时代 石炭纪 侏罗纪 奥陶纪 泥盆纪 奥陶纪—志留纪 寒武纪 寒武纪 埋深/m 1 981~2 591 3 048~4 115 2 100~4 300 1 006~2 682 2 000~4 000 2 600~4 600 500~4 500 有效厚度/m 15~61 61~91.44 20~300 14~117 40~80 20~80 20~440 w(TOC)/% 2.4~7.0/4.5 0.5~4 3.0~8.0 2.0~8.0 2.0~8.0 2.3~4.2 0.36~23.52/5.84 EqVRo/% 1.1~2.2 2.2~3.2 0.6~3.2 1.23~2.56 2.65 1.5~5.7 2.25~3.67/3.07 有机质类型 Ⅰ、Ⅱ Ⅰ、Ⅱ Ⅰ、Ⅱ Ⅱ、混Ⅲ Ⅰ、Ⅱ Ⅰ、混Ⅱ1 Ⅰ、混Ⅱ1 总孔隙度/% 4.0~5.0 8.0~9.0 3.0~6.0 3.0~13.0 1.2~8.1 0.82~4.86/2.44 0.13~9.98/1.69 基质渗透率/10-6μm2 0.073~0.5 0.05~0.8 0.8~3.5 0.1~0.7 0.001~5.7 0.006~0.158/0.046 脆性矿物含量/% 30~60 50~70 70~80 40~70 50~80 69~77/73 41.5~75.1/64.7 注：“/”后为平均值。
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表 5 浙西常山—开化有利区优选主要参数[8, 10, 30]
Table 5. Main parameters for favorable area optimization in Changshan-Kaihua area, western Zhejiang province
主要参数 变化范围 常山—开化地区 页岩面积/km2 200~500 1 900 泥页岩厚度/m 厚度稳定，大于10 50~300 w(TOC)/% 平均大于2.00 2.86~13.23 Ro/% I型大于1.20，Ⅱ型大于0.70 2.25~3.12 埋深/m 300~4 500 500~3 300 地表条件 地形高差较小，平原、丘陵、低山、中山、沙漠等 丘陵 总含气量/(m3•t-1) ≥0.50 吸附气0.5~8.6/3.26 保存条件 中等—好 中等
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