全球地壳隆坳演化与盆地

康玉柱

doi:10.11781/sysydz202005653

全球地壳隆坳演化与盆地

doi: 10.11781/sysydz202005653

康玉柱

中国石化石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083

详细信息

作者简介:
康玉柱(1936-), 男, 中国工程院院士, 教授级高级工程师, 从事石油、天然气的勘查研究工作。E-mail: kangyz.syky@sinopec.com

中图分类号: TE121.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-06-06
- 修回日期: 2020-08-03
- 刊出日期: 2020-09-28

Evolution of global crustal uplift and subsidence and basins

KANG Yuzhu

SINOPEC Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing 100083, China

摘要

摘要: 地球地壳在多种地应力，包括挤压应力、拉张应力及扭动应力作用下，产生抬升隆起或沉降坳陷及走滑。由于构造运动造成地壳隆起和坳陷，导致海陆变迁。地球在地质历史演化过程中，地壳隆起成为造山带或隆起区；坳陷变成为各种类型盆地。全球盆地可分为5大类型，即裂陷—克拉通盆地、克拉通内坳陷盆地、前陆盆地、断陷盆地和坳陷盆地；全球构造主要有8大变形样式，即东西向构造变形样式、南北向构造变形样式、北东向构造变形样式、北北东向构造变形样式、北西向构造变形样式、山字型构造变形样式、S型或反S型构造变形样式和旋扭构造变形样式。中国古生代克拉通盆地油气主要分布于古隆起、古斜坡、区域性不整合及断裂带等处；中新生代断陷盆地油气主要分布在陡坡带、缓坡带和中央构造带等部位；中新生代前陆盆地油气分布在断褶带、斜坡带及逆掩带；各类扭动构造，如帚状构造、雁列构造、旋扭状构造、反S型构造、入字型构造等控制着油气的分布。
- 油气分布 /
- 构造变形样式 /
- 隆坳演化 /
- 盆地类型 /
- 全球构造
Abstract: The earth's crust is under various stresses including compressive stress, tensile stress and torsional stress, resulting in uplift, subsidence, depression and strike-slip. The tectonic movement caused uplifts and depressions in the crust, leading to changes in the land and sea. During the geological evolution history, the crust uplifted into orogenic belts or uplift areas, while depressions changed to various types of basins. Global basins can be divided into five major types, namely rift-craton, intracratonic depression, foreland, fault and depression ones. There are eight major deformation styles in the global structure, namely, east-west, north-south, north-east, north-north-east, north-west, epsilon-shaped, S- or reversed-S shaped, and twisted ones. Oil and gas in the Paleozoic cratonic basins of China are mainly distributed in paleo-uplifts, paleo-slopes, regional unconformities, and fault zones. In Mesozoic and Cenozoic faulted basins, oil and gas are mainly distributed in steep slopes, gentle slopes, and central structural belts. In Mesozoic and Cenozoic foreland basins, oil and gas are distributed in fault fold belts, slope belts and overthrust belts. Various twisted structures, such as broom-shaped, echelon, knob-shaped, reversed S-shaped, and λ-shaped ones, control oil and gas distribution.
- oil and gas distribution /
- structural deformation style /
- uplift and depression evolution /
- basin type /
- global structure

HTML全文

图 1 中国古生代克拉通盆地演化

据文献[12]修改。

Figure 1. Evolution of Paleozoic cratonic basins in China

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图 2 塔里木盆地油气分布

Figure 2. Oil and gas distribution in the Tarim Basin

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图 3 四川盆地油气分布示意

Figure 3. Oil and gas distribution in the Sichuan Basin

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图 4 塔河油田断裂不整合控油模式

Figure 4. Oil controlling mode of fault unconformities in the Tahe Oilfield

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图 5 渤海湾断陷盆地构造剖面及油气分布示意

据胜利油田，2016。

Figure 5. Structural section and hydrocarbon distribution of the Bohai Bay Basin

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图 6 塔里木盆地库车前陆盆地构造剖面及油气分布示意

Figure 6. Structural section and hydrocarbon distribution of the Kuqa Foreland Basin, Tarim Basin

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图 7 塔里木盆地塔中帚状构造及油气分布

Figure 7. Broom structure section and hydrocarbon distribution in the Tazhong area, Tarim Basin

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图 8 塔里木盆地塔河旋扭构造及油气分布示意

Figure 8. Twist structure section and hydrocarbon distribution in Tahe area, Tarim Basin

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图 9 柴达木盆地反S型构造及油气分布示意

据文献[33]修改。

Figure 9. Reversed S-shaped structure and hydrocarbon distribution in the Qaidam Basin

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表 1 全球主要构造运动

Table 1. Main tectonic movements in the world

表 2 中国震旦纪—古生代发育盆地演化阶段

Table 2. Evolution stages of Sinian-Paleozoic basins in China

时代	演化阶段	演化特征
震旦纪—中奥陶世	裂陷期及大洋扩张(裂陷—克拉通盆地)	华北、华南、塔里木、准噶尔、青藏陆块分离，陆块周边为裂陷盆地及克拉通盆地(华北与华南两类生物群)
晚奥陶世—中志留世	陆块挤压俯冲消减(挠曲克拉通)	由于南北挤压作用，各大陆块洋盆逐渐消减；华北陆块成为古陆(O₃-C₁缺失)，主要形成挤压克拉通盆地
晚志留世—泥盆纪	挤压碰撞造山，中国古大陆形成(挠曲克拉通)	各大陆块边缘隆起造山；造山带前缘形成前渊盆地；古亚洲洋继续扩张
石炭纪—二叠纪	拉张—挤压隆升阶段(克拉通内坳陷盆地)	C-P₁拉张古特提斯洋扩张(西南部)；海平面上升，中国广泛接受海陆交互相沉积；P₁火山活动强烈；P₂挤压，塔里木、准噶尔、柴达木、华北海水退出，为陆相沉积；华南海相持续到T₂末，形成广泛的克拉通内坳陷盆地

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