Theoretical understanding of oil and gas accumulation in negative tectonic area and exploration practice
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摘要: 负向构造区油气成藏理论认识是以“洼槽区岩性地层油气藏、深盆湖相页岩油、向斜区煤层气”三个成藏模式为基础,融合前人有关负向构造油气成藏研究理论成果,形成的负向构造区油气成藏机理与分布规律的系统知识体系,其核心观点是:①“从盆地中心向盆地边缘,油气藏横向有序成环形成分布圈,纵向依次成链形成放射状富集链”;②负向构造区由于构造背景的原因,导致其沉积特征、油气成藏条件、成藏机理与分布规律与正向构造区存在巨大差异;③深盆(深洼)—低斜坡以“原地留滞”为成藏机理,形成非常规油气分布环带(内环),中—高斜坡以“过路截流”为成藏机理,形成岩性地层油气藏分布环带(中环),而正向构造区则以高部位“汇流聚集”为成藏机理,形成构造油气藏分布环带(外环);④基于负向构造区油气成藏理论的勘探思路为“全域考虑,逐环深入;优选通道,顺藤摸瓜”。负向构造区油气成藏理论有效指导了冀中、黄骅坳陷的斜坡和深洼区一大批隐蔽油气藏和非常规油气藏的发现,丰富了现代油气成藏理论,对盆地负向构造区尤其是深层复杂隐蔽油气藏、非常规油气藏的勘探有重要的现实意义。Abstract: A negative tectonic area refers to the relatively lower tectonic area from slope to deep depression in a basin. The theoretical understanding of oil and gas accumulation in the negative tectonic area is based on three accumulation models of "lithologic and stratigraphic reservoirs in the area of sag, lacustrine shale oil in deep depression, and coalbed methane in syncline area". Integrating with previous studies on reservoirs in negative tectonic area, a systematic knowledge system of oil and gas accumulation mechanisms and distribution laws in negative tectonic areas has been formed. The key points are as follows: (1) From the center to the margin of basin, oil and gas reservoirs are distributed in a circular order in the transverse direction, and enrich radially along dominant petroleum migration pathways in the longitudinal direction. (2) Due to different tectonic backgrounds, the sedimentary characteristics, hydrocarbon accumulation conditions, accumulation mechanism and distribution laws of negative tectonic area are greatly different from those of the positive tectonic area. (3) In deep depression and low slope, in situ hydrocarbon accumulation is dominant, and unconventional oil and gas distribution ring (inner ring) is formed. On medium and high slopes, passing oil and gas are captured, and lithologic and stratigraphic oil and gas distribution ring (central ring) is formed. While in positive tectonic area, oil and gas accumulate in high locations, and tectonic oil and gas distribution ring (outer ring) is developed. (4) An exploration idea based on the theory of oil and gas accumulation in negative tectonic area was proposed as follows. The target area should be integrately considered and exploration should be carried out from ring to ring. Migration pathways must be reguarded as a clue to seize oil and gas targets. The theory of oil and gas accumulation in negative tectonic area has effectively guided the discovery of a large number of subtle and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs in the slopes and deep sags of Jizhong and Huanghua depressions, and enriched the modern theory of oil and gas accumulation. It has an important practical guiding value for the exploration of deep complex subtle reservoirs and unconventional reservoirs in the negative tectonic area of basins.
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表 1 中国东部负向构造区油气成藏地质条件、成藏机理及与正向构造区对比
Table 1. Comparison of geological conditions and accumulation mechanism of oil and gas in negative and positive tectonic areas in eastern China
构造分区 构造位置 沉积相 储层类型 成藏机制 聚(富集) 目标 流体流动规律 动力 阻力 正向构造区 构造高部位 三角洲平原 常规储层 高位汇流(达西流) 浮力 毛管力 构造圈闭为主 负向构造区 中—高斜坡 三角洲平原—滨浅湖 低渗—常规储层 过路截流(达西流) 浮力 毛管力 地层岩性圈闭为主 深洼—低斜坡 三角洲前缘—半深湖 致密油储层 原地留滞(非达西流) 停留 源储压差 粘滞(吸附)力 致密油甜点 前三角洲—半深湖 页岩油储层 源储压差 粘滞(吸附)力 页岩油甜点 深湖—半深湖 烃源岩 原地留滞(非达西流) 滞留 生烃膨胀力 粘滞(吸附)力 表 2 负向构造区与正向构造区成藏富集对比
Table 2. Hydrocarbon accumulation in negative and positive tectonic areas
对比内容 负向构造区 正向构造区 相互关系 构造位置 构造低部位 构造高部位 相邻或过渡 面积 大 小 之和为盆地面积 构造单元 深凹(洼)槽或向斜区 斜坡(低、中、高斜坡) 古隆起、潜山披覆及反转(滚动)背斜等构造带 相邻或过渡 主要油气藏类型 页岩油气藏,致密油气藏,深潜山油气藏,煤层气藏 岩性油气藏,地层油气藏 各类构造油气藏 协同互补,有序共生 油气丰度与赋存状态 低丰度,大面积广覆连续型 中—高丰度,准连续-离散型 高丰度,局部离散型 逐渐过渡 流体势 高势区 中、低势区 低势区 连续过渡 运聚动力 源储压力(差) 浮力为主 浮力 连续过渡 储层孔喉半径 以纳米为主 以微米为主 微米至毫米 连续过渡 成藏机理 留滞(吸附滞流) 过路(输导截流) 汇聚(聚集汇流) 有序过渡 富集单元 甜点 圈闭 圈闭 不连续 成藏条件 压力差小于吸附力 浮力小于毛管压力 浮力小于毛管压力或遮挡力 不连续过渡 隐蔽性 强 强到弱 弱 不连续过渡 与烃源岩关系 源内成藏 源边或近源成藏 源外成藏 连续有序过渡 勘探开发难度 大 中 小 不连续过渡 资源量Q总 滞留量Q滞 截流量Q截 聚集量Q聚 Q总=Q滞+Q截+Q聚
Q滞+Q截≫Q聚 -
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