Distribution and genetic mechanisms of connected pore systems in continental shale reservoirs: a case study of Xujiahe Formation of Upper Triassic, Western Sichuan Depression
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摘要: 为揭示陆相页岩储层连通孔隙系统的形成机制，指导页岩气高效开发，以川西坳陷上三叠统须家河组陆相页岩为例，综合运用X衍射、场发射扫描电镜、低温气体吸附、高压压汞和核磁共振冻融等分析测试方法，研究了样品的矿物组分、全孔径分布特征和孔隙连通特征，并分析了孔隙连通性的主控因素。川西坳陷研究区上三叠统须家河组陆相页岩黏土矿物含量最高，石英含量次之；页岩孔径分布复杂，其中中孔最为发育，是孔体积（占87.33%）和比表面积（占49.19%）的主要贡献者；20~50 nm孔隙连通性较好，是研究区须家河组主要的连通孔隙发育区间；须家河组陆相页岩主要发育黏土矿物晶间孔，粒内溶孔较少，基本不发育有机质孔，广泛发育微裂缝，其中黏土矿物晶间孔—微裂缝孔隙组合是研究区主要的连通孔隙类型；黏土矿物及石英等脆性矿物的含量及排列方式控制连通孔隙的发育及分布。基于以上结果总结了陆相页岩连通孔隙的3种潜在发育机制：发育在黏土矿物与脆性矿物基质上的黏土矿物晶间孔—微裂缝组合连通性最好；黏土矿物集合体内的黏土矿物晶间孔连通性次之；有机—黏土复合体内的有机孔—黏土矿物晶间孔连通性最差。Abstract: The distribution and genetic mechanisms of connected pore systems in continental shale reservoirs were analyzed in this paper to enhance the high-efficiency exploration of shale gas. A case study was made with the continental shale of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Western Sichuan Depression. Various experimental methods such as X-ray diffraction, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, low temperature gas adsorption, high-pressure mercury injection and nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry were applied to study its mineral composition, distribution of pore-size and pore connectivity, and the main constrains for pore connectivity were discussed. The continental shale of the Xujiahe Formation in the study area has a high content of clay minerals, followed by quartz. The pore-size distribution is complex, and the mesopores in the range of 4-50 nm is the main contributor to pore volume (87.33%) and specific surface area (49.19%). The pores having the size between 20-50 nm appeared to have better pore connectivity and are the major type of connected pores. The continental shale developed various types of pore, predominantly composed of clay intercrystalline pores, with minor dissolved pores and organic pores. Microfractures were widely developed and formed the dominant connective pore assemblage together with clay intercrystalline pores. The development and distribution of connected pores were controlled by the contents and arrangement of brittle minerals such as clay minerals and quartz. Based on the experimental results, some development mechanisms of connected pores in continental shale were concluded. The combination of intercrystalline pores and microfractures developed on the matrix of clay minerals and brittle minerals shows the best connectivity, followed by the clay intercrystalline pores in clay minerals, while the organic pores and clay intercrystalline pores in organic-clay complexes show the lowest connectivity.
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图 1 川西坳陷研究区区域位置及地层柱状图[21]
Figure 1. Location and stratigraphic column of study area in Western Sichuan Depression
图 2 川西坳陷研究区三叠系须家河组陆相页岩矿物组分
Figure 2. Mineral composition of continental shale of Xujiahe Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
图 3 川西坳陷研究区三叠系须家河组陆相页岩基于CO2吸附孔隙发育特征
Figure 3. Pore development characteristics based on CO2 adsorption of continental shale of Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
图 4 川西坳陷研究区三叠系须家河组陆相页岩基于N2吸附孔隙发育特征
Figure 4. Pore development characteristics based on N2 adsorption of continental shale of Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
图 5 川西坳陷研究区三叠系须家河组陆相页岩基于高压压汞孔隙发育特征
Figure 5. Pore development characteristics based on high pressure mercury intrusion of continental shale of Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
图 6 川西坳陷研究区三叠系须家河组陆相页岩孔隙结构全孔径分布
Figure 6. Whole-aperture distribution of pore volume of continental shale of Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
图 7 川西坳陷研究区三叠系须家河组陆相页岩基于核磁共振冻融法的孔体积变化率
Figure 7. Pore volume change rates based on NMRC of continental shale of Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
图 8 川西坳陷研究区三叠系须家河组陆相页岩MIP和NMRC孔径分布曲线对比
Figure 8. Comparison of pore size distribution between MIP and NMRC of continental shale of Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
图 9 川西坳陷研究区三叠系须家河组陆相页岩孔隙发育类型
Figure 9. Types of pore development of continental shale of Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
图 10 陆相页岩连通孔隙系统潜在发育机制
Figure 10. Development mechanisms of connected pore system in continental shale
表 1 川西坳陷研究区三叠系须家河组陆相页岩孔体积统计
Table 1. Statistics of pore volume of continental shale of Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
样品编号 深度/m 孔体积/(mL·g-1) 孔体积比例/% 微孔 中孔 宏孔 总孔体积 微孔 中孔 宏孔 LD-1 1 346.1 0.008 2 0.072 4 0.001 7 0.082 3 9.96 87.97 2.07 LD-2 1 367.3 0.007 8 0.072 8 0.001 4 0.082 0 9.51 88.78 1.71 LD-3 1 376.1 0.006 9 0.055 2 0.001 9 0.064 0 10.78 86.25 2.97 LD-4 1 385.5 0.006 9 0.063 2 0.002 0 0.072 1 9.57 87.66 2.77 LD-5 1 402.4 0.005 4 0.052 8 0.003 2 0.061 4 8.79 85.99 5.21 平均 0.007 0 0.063 3 0.002 0 0.072 4 9.72 87.33 2.95 
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表 2 川西坳陷研究区三叠系须家河组陆相页岩比表面积统计
Table 2. Statistics of pore specific surface area of continental shale of Triassic Xujiahe Formation, Western Sichuan Depression
样品编号 深度/m 比表面积/(m2·g-1) 比表面积比例/% 微孔 中孔 宏孔 总比表面积 微孔 中孔 宏孔 LD-1 1 346.1 24.077 8 25.204 0.037 8 49.319 6 48.82 51.10 0.08 LD-2 1 367.3 22.369 8 23.086 0.172 7 45.628 5 49.03 50.60 0.38 LD-3 1 376.1 21.703 4 19.752 0.215 4 41.670 8 52.08 47.40 0.52 LD-4 1 385.5 21.946 7 20.129 0.217 6 42.293 3 51.89 47.59 0.52 LD-5 1 402.4 16.218 6 15.942 0.217 6 32.378 2 50.09 49.24 0.67 平均 21.263 3 20.823 0.172 2 42.258 1 50.38 49.19 0.43
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