Thermal evolution characteristics of Triassic source rocks and their petroleum geological significance on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
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摘要: 根据最新的三维地震分层数据解释，塔里木盆地库车坳陷南斜坡地区三叠系烃源岩埋深较大，具备发育本地成熟烃源岩的可能性。通过地球化学资料及盆地模拟分析技术，对该地区三叠系烃源岩的埋藏史、热史和成熟度演化史进行模拟与分析，探讨烃源岩的成熟过程，厘定烃源岩的成熟阶段和生烃期次，进一步阐述其成藏意义。库车坳陷南斜坡三叠系克拉玛依组烃源岩分布广泛，在新和地区具有“南浅北深”的整体特征，南部地区埋深普遍在6 700 m左右，向北逐渐加深，最大埋深可达8 000 m以上。库车坳陷南斜坡整体沉降幅度一致，经历了早期稳定埋藏、中期持续沉降、晚期快速埋藏的演化过程。在三叠纪，该套地层稳定沉积，埋深厚度较小；白垩纪—古近纪期间，主要以陆相碎屑岩沉积为主，地层持续沉积；新近纪至今，库车坳陷南斜坡进入快速沉降阶段，埋深厚度最大。库车坳陷南斜坡三叠系烃源岩演化程度具有“北高南低”的特征。北部地区成熟早，古近纪初期达到了生烃门限(Ro=0.5%)；古近纪末期演化至成熟阶段(Ro=0.7%)；新近纪中期埋藏演化至高成熟阶段(Ro=1.0%)；现今处于高成熟阶段(Ro=1.30%)，以生气为主。南部地区成熟晚，新近纪初期才开始达到生烃门限；新近纪中期埋藏演化至成熟阶段(Ro=0.7%)；现今处于成熟阶段(Ro=0.86%)，以生油为主。库车坳陷南斜坡存在远源和近源两种输导体系，为圈闭成藏提供了充足的油气来源，具有“双源供烃”的特征。Abstract: According to the latest three-dimensional seismic stratification data, the Triassic source rocks are recognized to be deeply buried on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, making it possible to develop local source rocks. Based on geochemical data and basin simulation, the burial history, thermal history and maturity evolution history of Triassic source rocks in this area were simulated and analyzed. By discussing the thermal evolution and maturity process of source rocks, the maturity stage and hydrocarbon generation stage of source rocks were proposed and their reservoir forming significance was further discussed. The source rocks of the Triassic Karamay Formation are distributed on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression. The burial depth in the southern area of Xinhe is generally about 6 700 m, which tends gradually to deepen in the north and reaches themaximum depth over 8 000 m, showing an overall characteristics of "shallowly buried in the south and deeply buried in the north". The southern slope of Kuqa Depression has the same overall subsidence amplitude, which has experienced the tectonic evolution process of stable burial in the early stage, continuous subsidence in the middle stage and rapid burial in the late stage. During the Triassic period, the strata were deposited stably and the burial depth was small. From Cretaceous to Paleogene, continental clastic rocks were mainly deposited, and the strata continued to deposit. From Neogene to present, the southern slope of Kuqa Depression entered the stage of rapid thermal subsidence, and the burial depth reached the largest. The evolution degree of Triassic source rocks on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression is characterized by "high degree in the north and low degree in the south". The northern region matured early, which entered the hydrocarbon generation threshold at the beginning of Paleogene (Ro=0.5%), evolved to mature stage by the end of Paleogene (Ro=0.7%) and to high maturity stage in the middle Neogene (Ro=1.0%) and till now (Ro=1.30%), mainly generating gas. The southern region matured relatively late, which entered the oil window in the early Neogene, reached mature stage in the middle Neogene (Ro=0.7%), and till now (Ro=0.86%), mainly generating oil. There are two oil and gas transportation of far-source and near-source on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, which provides sufficient sources for oil and gas accumulation. This area has the overall characteristics of dual source hydrocarbon supply.
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图 1 塔里木盆地库车坳陷南斜坡地区区域位置(a)、构造剖面A-A′(b)及含油气层系柱状图(c)
Figure 1. Location map (a), structural profile (b) and oil-gas composition histogram (c) on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 2 塔里木盆地库车坳陷南斜坡星火3井综合柱状图
Figure 2. Composite histogram of well XH 3 on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 3 塔里木盆地库车坳陷南斜坡过星火3井近南北向三维地震剖面
剖面位置见图 1a。
Figure 3. Near NS 3D seismic profile crossing well XH3 on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 4 塔里木盆地库车坳陷南斜坡三叠系烃源岩埋深及Ro值分布
Figure 4. Burial depth and Ro value distribution of Triassic source rocks on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 5 塔里木盆地库车坳陷南斜坡地质历史时期古热流值
Figure 5. Paleogeothermal flow values during geological histories on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 6 塔里木盆地库车坳陷南斜坡虚拟井A埋藏史与热史
Figure 6. Burial history and thermal history of virtual well A on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 7 塔里木盆地库车坳陷南斜坡星火3井埋藏史与热史
Figure 7. Burial history and thermal history of well XH3 on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 8 塔里木盆地库车坳陷南斜坡油气成藏模式
Figure 8. Hydrocarbon accumulation mode on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
表 1 塔里木盆地库车坳陷南斜坡地区星火3井烃源岩热解测定结果
Table 1. Pyrolysis results of source rocks from well XH3 on the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
顶深/m 底深/m Ro/% Tmax/℃ S1/(mg·g-1) S2/(mg·g-1) ω(TOC)/% IH/(mg·g-1) 6 211 6 220 0.811 440 0.08 0.21 0.59 35.59 6 242 6 260 0.903 440 0.05 0.31 0.82 37.80 6 264 6 280 0.909 443 0.06 0.5 1.18 42.37 6 282 6 295 0.821 442 0.07 0.96 1.69 56.80 6 298 6 312 0.834 436 0.11 3.04 2.68 62.50 6 314 6 332 0.846 435 0.09 1.06 1.66 63.85 6 334 6 347 0.853 441 0.05 0.50 1.35 37.03 
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表 2 塔里木盆地库车坳陷南斜坡一维地质模型建立的主要输出参数
Table 2. Main input parameters for establishment of 1D geological model, the southern slope of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
地层 地层代号 沉积时间/Ma 虚拟井A深度/m 剥蚀量/m 星火3井深度/m 剥蚀量/m 开始 结束 顶界 底界 顶界 底界 第四系 Q 1.8 0 0 193 0 135 上新统库车组 N2k 5.33 1.8 193 3 193 135 2 560 中新统康村组 N1k 11.63 5.33 3 193 4 355 2 560 4 188 中新统吉迪克组 N1j 23.03 11.63 4 355 5 155 4 188 4 877 渐新统苏维依组 E3s 33.9 23.03 5 155 5 895 70 4 877 5 115 60 古近系库姆格列木群 E1-2km 66 33.9 5 895 6 415 5 115 5 588 下白垩统巴什基奇克组 K1bs 105 66 6 415 6 800 170 5 588 5 902 150 下白垩统巴西盖组 K1b 120 105 6 800 6 880 5 902 5 942 下白垩统舒善河组 K1s 132 120 6 880 7 390 5 942 6 137 下白垩统亚格列木组 K1y 145 132 7 390 7 700 6 137 6 148 上三叠统哈拉哈塘组 T3h 199.3 145 7 700 7 760 6 148 6 200 中三叠统克拉玛依组 T2kl 227 199.3 7 760 7 950 6 200 6 364 下三叠统俄霍布拉克组 T1e 247.2 227 7 950 8 145 6 364 6 523
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