Formation mechanism of high-quality reservoirs in deep strata of Paleogene, Bonan Subsag, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
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摘要: 随着勘探程度的提高，渤海湾盆地渤南洼陷油气勘探的主要对象逐渐由中浅层转向中深层。深层勘探的关键问题是优质储层，其发育取决于沉积充填和地层流体的相互作用。古近系沙河街组四段沉积时期，该区发育了咸化环境湖相碎屑岩与膏盐层沉积。利用钻井、实验等基础资料，分析储层沉积环境、地层水特征、岩石学特征及成岩作用类型，探讨深层优质储层发育演化机制。研究结果表明：(1)在分布面积广、沉积厚度大的膏盐层的封闭下，咸化湖泊环境的沙四段碎屑岩，早成岩期经历了碱性成岩环境，形成的碳酸盐胶结物充填原生孔隙，并有效阻滞压实作用的发生；(2)随着烃源岩中的有机质趋于成熟，中成岩期有机酸在异常高压的驱动下向地层中运移，早期碳酸盐胶结物以及长石、岩屑普遍被溶蚀，形成次生孔隙，酸碱交替作用是深层优质储层发育的主要机制；(3)优质储层的发育受到膏盐层分布、烃源岩发育、断裂体系与碎屑沉积体展布的控制，受酸碱流体影响强烈的缓坡扇三角洲和陡坡近岸水下扇中前端砂体，是渤南洼陷沙四段优质储层发育区。Abstract: With the continuous improvement of exploration degree, the main object for oil and gas exploration in the Bonan Subsag of Bohai Bay Basin gradually changes from medium and shallow layers to medium and deep layers. The key factor for deep exploration is the development of high-quality reservoir, which depends on the interaction between sedimentary filling and formation fluid. During the deposition of the fourth member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation, lacustrine clastic rocks and gypsum salt deposits developed in this area under a saline environment. Based on the comprehensive study of drilling data and experimental results, the sedimentary environment, formation water characteristics, reservoir petrographic characteristics and diagenetic types of the Paleogene reservoirs in the Bonan Subsag were discussed, the development and evolution mechanism of the deep and high-quality reservoirs in Paleogene was also indicated. Results show that: (1) Under the sealing of gypsum salt layer with wide distribution area and large sedimentary thickness, the clastic rocks of Es4 member in salty environment experienced alkaline diagenetic environment in the early stage. The carbonate cements formed in this period filled primary pores and effectively prevented the occurrence of compaction. (2) With the increase of the maturity of organic matters in source rocks, significant organic acid migrated to stratum driven by abnormal high pressure during the middle diagenesis stage. The early carbonate cements, feldspar and debris were generally dissolved and secondary pores were subsequently formed. Acidic and alkaline reworks are the main mechanism for the development of deep high-quality reservoirs. (3) The development of high-quality reservoirs was controlled by the distribution of gypsum salt layer, the development of source rock, fault system and the distribution of clastic sedimentary body. The front sand bodies of gentle-slope fan delta and steep-slope nearshore subaqueous fan strongly influenced by acid and alkali fluid are the high-quality reservoir development area of Es4 member in Bonan Subsag.
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Key words:
- high-quality reservoir /
- gypsum salt layer /
- source rock /
- fluid property /
- secondary pore /
- Paleogene /
- Bonan Subsag /
- Bohai Bay Basin
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图 1 渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷渤南洼陷区域构造位置
Figure 1. Structural location of Bonan Subsag, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
图 2 渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷渤南洼陷古近纪构造演化及地层柱状剖面
据李丕龙等[4]修改。
Figure 2. Structural evolution and stratigraphic column of Paleogene in Bonan Subsag, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
图 3 渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷渤南洼陷各层系地层水水型分布
Figure 3. Distribution of formation water types of each stratum in Bonan Subsag, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
图 4 渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷渤南洼陷古近系沙四上亚段碎屑岩岩石类型
Figure 4. Rock types of clastic rocks in upper section of fourth member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation, Bonan Subsag, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
图 5 渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷渤南洼陷古近系储层主要成岩作用类型及成岩现象
a.早期胶结作用强，红色方解石大量充填原生孔隙，原生孔隙所剩无几，后期溶蚀作用微弱，有少量粒间溶蚀孔发育，罗354井，2 964.9 m，5×10(-)；b.早期胶结作用强，碳酸盐胶结物大量出现，抑制压实，中后期溶蚀作用中等，产生少量粒间孔及铸模孔，义160井，3 129.29 m，5×10(-)；c.早期胶结和后期溶蚀作用都较弱，早期红色方解石胶结充填原生孔隙，后期方解石胶结物和长石、岩屑被溶蚀，产生粒间溶孔，罗802井，2 022.5 m，5×10(-)；d.后期溶蚀作用强烈，早期胶结物基本被完全溶蚀，长石、岩屑部分溶蚀，产生大量粒间、粒内溶蚀孔，罗803井，2 235.29 m，10×10(-)；e.压实作用强烈，长石、岩屑被大量溶蚀，产生较多次生孔隙，义161井，3 480.65 m，5×10(-)；f.压实作用强烈，溶蚀作用中等，粒间、粒内溶蚀孔隙发育，义东261井，4 089 m，5×10(-)
Figure 5. Types and phenomena of diagenetic effects of Paleogene reservoirs, Bonan Subsag, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
图 6 渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷渤南洼陷古近系成岩环境及成因分析
Figure 6. Diagenetic environment and genetic analysis of Paleogene in Bonan Subsag, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
图 7 渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷渤南洼陷古近系沙河街组四段碎屑岩成岩演化及储层发育模式
Figure 7. Diagenetic evolution of clastic rocks and reservoir development model of fourth member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation, Bonan Subsag, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
图 8 渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷渤南洼陷古近系沙河街组四段优质储层发育相关要素平面分布
a.膏盐层分布；b.烃源岩分布；c.断裂分布；d.砂岩分布
Figure 8. Factors related to development of high-quality reservoirs in fourth member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation, Bonan Subsag, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
表 1 渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷渤南洼陷古近系沙河街组地层水化学指标
Table 1. Hydrochemical indexes of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Bonan Subsag, Zhanhua Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
层系 区域 矿化度/(g·L-1) 水型 钠氯系数 变质系数 脱硫系数 沙四段 渤南深洼带 10~40 CaCl2型 0.85~1 0~10 0~1 垦西斜坡带 5~20 NaHCO3型 1~1.2 ＜0 1~5，5~10 沙三段 埕南断阶带—渤南深洼带 10~40 NaHCO3型、CaCl2型 0.85~1.2 -10~10 0~1 垦西斜坡带 5~10 NaHCO3型 ＞1.2 ＜-10 1~10 沙一段 垦西斜坡带 5~10 NaHCO3型 ＞1 -10~0 1~5 
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