Experimental dissolution and karst strata association of Middle Permian Maokou carbonate rocks in the northern part of Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 四川盆地北部中二叠统茅口组岩溶储层发育，是该区重要储层类型之一。基于野外露头、钻井岩心资料，采用宏观与微观结合的方法，根据薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、主微量元素等资料、辅于溶蚀模拟实验等技术方法，对四川盆地北部茅口组岩溶层组特征进行了研究。该区茅口组一段以泥质灰岩、生屑泥晶灰岩为主，酸不溶物含量较高；茅二段、茅三段以泥晶生屑灰岩、亮晶生屑灰岩为主，酸不溶物含量较低。溶蚀模拟实验结果表明，碳酸盐矿物类型、化学成分等是影响茅口组岩石可溶性的主要因素，样品溶蚀速率、溶液离子浓度及微观溶蚀变化特征均表现为生屑灰岩＞泥晶灰岩＞白云岩＞泥质灰岩。茅口组岩溶层组类型可划分为2类3型9亚型，不同岩溶层组类型岩溶作用条件、岩溶化程度不同，缝洞型岩溶储层发育规模也存在差异。Abstract: Kart reservoir is important for the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in the northern part of Sichuan Basin. Based on field outcrops and drilling core data, combining both macro and micro methods, the characteristics of karst strata association of the Maokou Formation in this area was studied by the means of thin section observation, scanning electron microscope, major and trace elements and experimental dissolution. The first member of the Maokou Formation is dominated by marl and bioclastic micritic limestone, and the content of acid insoluble matter is high. The second and third members of the Maokou Formation are dominated by micritic bioclastic limestone and bright crystal bioclastic limestone, and the content of acid insoluble matter is low. The results of dissolution experiments show that the mineral type and chemical composition of carbonate rock are the main factors affecting the solubility of rock. The change characteristics of the dissolution rate of samples, solution ion concentration and micro dissolution are as follows: bioclastic limestone>micrite limestone>dolomite>argillaceous limestone. The karst strata association types of the Maokou Formation can be divided into 2 groups, 3 types and 9 subtypes. The karstification conditions and rock dissolution degree of different karst formation types are different, and the development scale of fracture cave karst reservoir is also different.
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图 1 四川盆地北部地理位置(a)及地层柱状图(b)
Figure 1. Geographical location(a) and stratigraphic histogram(b) of northern Sichuan Basin
图 2 四川盆地北部中二叠统茅口组典型野外和镜下照片
a.眼皮眼球状灰岩，茅一段，pm001；b.生物碎屑灰岩，可见珊瑚化石大量分布，茅一段，pm002；c.含生屑泥晶灰岩，单偏光，茅一段，pm003(g)；d.含生屑泥晶灰岩，溶蚀孔洞发育，茅二段，pm002(g)；e.含生屑泥晶灰岩，方解石、沥青充填溶孔，茅二段，pm003(g)；f.含生屑泥晶灰岩，单偏光，茅二段，pm002(g)；g.硅质岩，茅三段，pm002(g)；h.含燧石结核灰岩，茅三段，pm003；i.泥晶生屑灰岩，单偏光，茅三段，pm002(g)
Figure 2. Typical field and microscopic photos of Middle Permian Maokou Formation in northern Sichuan Basin
图 3 四川盆地北部中二叠统茅口组不同层段岩石成分特征
Figure 3. Characteristics of rock composition in different strata of Middel Permian Maokou Formation in northern Sichuan Basin
图 4 四川盆地北部普光2井热演化及生烃史分析
据文献[18]。
Figure 4. Thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation history of well Puguang 2 in northern Sichuan Basin
图 5 四川盆地北部碳酸盐岩样品溶蚀速率(a)、(Ca2++Mg2+)浓度增加量(b)随温度、压力变化曲线
Figure 5. Curves of sample corrosion rate(a) and (Ca2++Mg2+) concentration increase(b) with temperature and pressure of carbonate rock samples from northern Sichuan Basin
图 6 四川盆地北部碳酸盐岩样品实验前后典型镜下照片对比
a.实验前，泥晶灰岩，茅一段，pm002(g)；b.实验前，生物碎屑灰岩，茅二段，pm002(g)；c.实验前，泥质灰岩，吴家坪组，pm003；d.实验后，泥晶灰岩，茅一段，pm002(g)；e.实验后，生物碎屑灰岩，茅二段，pm002(g)；f. 实验后，泥质灰岩，吴家坪组，pm003
Figure 6. Comparison of typical microscopic photos before and after experiment of carbonate rock samples from northern Sichuan Basin
图 7 四川盆地北部碳酸盐岩样品溶蚀速率与(CaO+MgO)(a)、SiO2(b)含量相关性
Figure 7. Correlation between sample dissolution rate and (CaO+MgO)(a) and SiO2(b) contents of carbonate rock samples from northern Sichuan Basin
图 8 四川盆地北部旺苍县双汇镇斑竹村王家沟剖面岩溶结构综合柱状图
Figure 8. Comprehensive histogram of karst structure in Wangjiagou section, Banzhu village, Shuanghui Town, Wangcang County, northern Sichuan Basin
表 1 四川盆地北部中二叠统茅口组不同层段岩石主量元素测试结果
Table 1. Test results of major elements in rocks of different layers of Middle Permian Maokou Formation in northern Sichuan Basin
井名 深度/m 层位 CaO/% MgO/% SiO2/% Al2O3/% TFe2O3/% 井名/剖面 深度/m，层号 层位 CaO/% MgO/% SiO2/% Al2O3/% TFe2O3/% YB8 7 257.6 茅三段 54.01 0.28 0.09 0.07 1.28 YB7 6 991.6 茅三段 53.59 0.35 1.05 0.74 0.44 YB8 7 259.5 茅三段 55.19 0.32 0.12 0.07 0.14 YB7 6 998.0 茅三段 55.19 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.07 YB8 7 283.5 茅三段 55.61 0.24 0.03 0.02 0.01 PM001 16 茅二段 54.25 0.70 0.61 0.19 0.11 YB8 7 285.3 茅三段 55.31 0.24 0.08 0.06 0.02 PM001 17 茅二段 42.10 8.51 4.75 0.42 0.16 YB8 7 287.4 茅三段 55.67 0.25 0.01 < 0.01 0.02 PM001 21 茅二段 55.43 0.52 0.18 0.06 0.02 YB8 7 289.3 茅三段 55.67 0.32 0.16 0.05 0.01 PM001 23 茅二段 54.90 0.52 0.17 0.02 0.02 YB8 7 291.0 茅三段 55.31 0.27 0.03 0.03 0.02 PM001 24 茅二段 54.36 1.16 0.61 0.08 0.14 YB8 7 293.0 茅三段 55.55 0.27 0.11 0.10 0.02 PM001 27 茅二段 55.19 0.69 0.06 0.04 0.02 YB8 7 295.0 茅三段 55.43 0.27 0.02 0.03 0.01 PM001 28 茅二段 54.72 0.48 0.75 0.25 0.15 YB8 7 297.0 茅三段 55.19 0.22 0.16 0.07 0.03 PM001 29 茅二段 52.00 0.37 2.67 0.65 0.36 YB8 7 298.9 茅三段 55.43 0.30 0.29 0.16 0.04 PM001G 8 茅二段 55.43 0.29 0.12 0.12 0.07 YB8 7 301.0 茅三段 55.55 0.22 0.05 0.04 0.01 PM001G 8 茅二段 54.66 0.74 0.01 0.04 0.06 YB8 7 303.0 茅三段 55.55 0.30 0.22 < 0.01 0.02 PM002 16 茅二段 55.55 0.41 0.13 0.05 0.02 YB8 7 305.0 茅三段 55.79 0.24 0.02 0.03 0.01 PM002 17 茅二段 54.30 0.70 0.50 0.16 0.06 YB8 7 307.0 茅三段 55.43 0.19 0.03 0.04 0.01 PM002 18 茅二段 55.19 0.44 0.30 0.12 0.04 YB8 7 308.7 茅三段 55.90 0.19 0.01 0.03 0.01 PM002 19 茅二段 54.60 0.54 0.15 0.04 0.03 YB8 7 310.8 茅三段 55.79 0.34 0.06 0.07 0.02 PM002 13 茅二段 50.69 3.06 1.20 0.36 0.11 YB8 7 313.4 茅三段 56.14 0.29 0.02 0.04 0.01 PM002 14 茅二段 55.07 0.36 0.43 0.04 0.02 YB8 7 316.9 茅三段 55.79 0.30 0.01 0.02 0.01 PM003 15 茅二段 53.18 0.79 1.48 0.39 0.19 YB8 7 318.6 茅三段 55.55 0.33 0.03 0.03 0.02 PM003 16 茅二段 53.77 0.95 0.68 0.05 0.04 YB8 7 320.8 茅三段 55.55 0.30 0.00 0.04 0.01 PM003 19 茅二段 54.01 0.80 0.74 0.07 0.04 YB8 7 322.8 茅三段 55.67 0.32 0.00 0.03 0.02 PM003 20 茅二段 54.25 1.02 0.21 0.04 0.13 YB8 7 324.7 茅三段 55.96 0.34 0.00 0.02 0.01 PM003 22 茅二段 52.11 0.72 3.12 0.46 0.21 YB8 7 327.0 茅三段 55.13 0.43 0.10 0.07 0.05 PM003 22 茅二段 49.63 0.88 4.72 1.91 0.59 YB701 6 720.8 茅三段 46.90 0.68 3.07 1.00 5.40 PM001 2 茅一段 54.13 0.99 0.73 0.25 0.14 YB701 6 723.0 茅三段 55.79 0.20 0.03 0.02 0.23 PM001 4 茅一段 53.77 0.81 1.22 0.23 0.06 YB701 6 724.8 茅三段 55.79 0.31 0.00 0.03 0.01 PM001 7 茅一段 54.36 0.71 1.18 0.07 0.03 YB701 6 727.0 茅三段 56.38 0.18 0.02 0.02 0.01 PM001 8 茅一段 54.13 1.00 0.88 0.10 0.06 YB701 6 730.3 茅三段 55.79 0.17 0.01 0.04 0.01 PM001 9 茅一段 50.34 1.99 3.81 0.90 0.33 YB701 6 733.9 茅三段 55.90 0.20 0.03 0.04 0.02 PM001 11 茅一段 53.89 0.95 1.47 0.27 0.13 YB701 6 735.9 茅三段 55.90 0.20 0.01 0.02 0.02 PM001G 2 茅一段 52.11 3.23 0.03 0.04 0.03 YB701 6 737.0 茅三段 55.90 0.20 0.02 0.04 0.02 PM001G 4 茅一段 53.65 1.36 0.18 0.09 0.05 YB701 6 738.5 茅三段 55.55 0.20 0.02 0.02 0.01 PM002 2 茅一段 53.30 1.32 1.82 0.23 0.08 YB701 6 740.0 茅三段 55.67 0.20 0.00 0.04 0.02 PM002 10 茅一段 29.02 4.16 32.22 4.79 1.77 YB701 6 782.6 茅三段 55.90 0.20 0.01 0.02 0.01 PM002G 13 茅一段 54.36 0.84 0.64 0.04 0.03 YB701 6 784.1 茅三段 55.55 0.18 0.13 0.05 0.13 PM002G 17 茅一段 54.48 0.59 0.62 0.11 0.04 YB701 6 785.3 茅三段 55.90 0.18 0.01 0.02 0.01 PM003 2 茅一段 50.10 1.80 4.00 0.34 0.11 
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表 2 四川盆地北部碳酸盐岩样品不同温压条件下溶蚀速率、(Ca2++Mg2+)浓度增加量计算结果
Table 2. Calculation results of sample dissolution rate and (Ca2++Mg2+) concentration increase under different temperature and pressure conditions of carbonate rock samples from Middle Permian Maokou Formation in northern Sichuan Basin
温度/℃ 压力/MPa 溶蚀速率/(10-4 g·cm-2·h-1) (Ca2++Mg2+)浓度增加量/(mg·L-1) 茅一段泥晶灰岩PM002G-7 茅二段生屑灰岩PM002G-22 栖霞组白云岩PM003-1 吴家坪组泥质灰岩PM003-23 茅一段泥晶灰岩PM002G-7 茅二段生屑灰岩PM002G-22 栖霞组白云岩PM003-1 吴家坪组泥质灰岩PM003-23 35 5 16.67 18.74 18.06 14.73 30.04 31.10 35.35 26.08 50 10 24.99 33.37 22.53 16.53 41.32 52.24 35.63 24.73 65 15 30.34 59.55 25.33 17.58 50.20 96.99 41.24 29.74 80 20 31.53 31.87 29.57 25.45 52.52 50.52 45.70 39.50 95 25 36.42 35.62 36.77 17.34 62.99 57.94 55.76 31.18 110 30 33.52 35.90 35.89 21.95 55.34 55.98 55.59 37.60
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表 3 四川盆地北部碳酸盐岩样品溶蚀速率计算结果及主量元素测试结果
Table 3. Calculation results of sample dissolution rate and test results of major elements of carbonate rock samples from northern Sichuan Basin
井名 回次/层号 深度/m 层位 溶蚀速率/(10-4 g·cm-2·h-1) 主量元素/% 35 ℃ 50 ℃ 65 ℃ 80 ℃ 95 ℃ 110 ℃ CaO MgO SiO2 YB7 3，17/56 6 933.0 茅口组 15.71 15.98 17.07 15.27 14.27 17.38 50.84 2.34 1.29 YB7 4，7/17 6 990.0 茅口组 18.68 18.81 21.03 24.30 19.89 21.28 55.58 0.26 0.12 YB7 4，6/17 6 991.0 茅口组 18.26 19.65 21.96 19.27 22.25 21.86 55.50 0.19 0.13 YB8 1，37/66 3 159.5 吴家坪组 15.27 15.07 16.44 13.53 14.87 13.95 41.75 3.86 14.82 YB8 6，70/81 7 255.0 茅口组 14.41 14.95 14.21 15.27 15.60 12.30 31.09 0.41 16.56 YB8 11，12/77 7 284.0 茅口组 18.37 19.12 19.42 20.68 21.53 19.06 55.51 0.21 0.07 YB8 11，35/77 7 286.2 茅口组 20.18 19.82 19.64 22.42 23.79 18.43 55.74 0.23 0.05 YB8 14，58/90 7 312.0 茅口组 18.90 20.16 19.05 23.41 22.73 17.93 55.40 0.27 0.12 YB701 5，15/38 6 723.1 茅口组 19.07 22.07 19.72 23.45 23.27 17.52 55.36 0.21 0.00 YB701 8，31/33 6 785.0 茅口组 18.05 20.09 21.24 25.73 21.05 22.04 55.60 0.16 0.01
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表 4 四川盆地北部中二叠统茅口组岩溶层组类型划分
Table 4. Classification of karst formation types in Middle Permian Maokou Formation in northern Sichuan Basin
类 型 亚型 地层 岩性特征 岩溶层组划分 均匀状纯碳酸盐岩类 灰岩连续型 生屑泥晶灰岩亚型 茅三段、茅二段 主要为灰色厚—块状生屑泥晶灰岩，分布较广，厚度稳定 强岩溶化层组 泥晶灰岩亚型 茅三段、茅二段 主要为灰色中薄层、中厚层泥晶灰岩，分布较广 中等—强岩溶化层组 亮晶砂屑灰岩亚型 茅三段、茅二段 灰色中厚层状亮晶砂屑灰岩 强岩溶化层组 白云质灰岩亚型 茅三段、茅二段 发育灰色厚层—块状白云质灰岩 中等—强岩溶化层组 泥质灰岩亚型 茅二段、茅一段 发育灰色、深灰色中薄层、中厚层眼皮眼球状灰岩 弱岩溶化层组 灰岩夹层或互层型 灰岩夹泥质灰岩(泥质灰岩夹灰岩)亚型 茅一段、茅二段 发育深灰色泥晶灰岩夹泥质灰岩 弱—中等岩溶化层组 灰岩夹硅质灰岩(含燧石)亚型 茅二段 发育厚层泥晶灰岩、生屑泥晶灰岩，夹硅质灰岩(含燧石) 弱岩溶化层组 非均匀状纯碳酸盐岩类 灰岩夹碎屑岩型 灰岩夹钙质泥岩亚型 茅一段、茅二段 发育灰色厚层—块状眼皮眼球状灰岩夹灰黑色薄层状钙质泥岩 弱岩溶化层组 灰岩夹碳质泥岩亚型 茅一段 发育灰色中厚层眼皮眼球状灰岩夹黑色薄层状碳质泥岩 弱岩溶化层组
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