Characteristics and main controlling factors of the limy source rock gas reservoir in the first member of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in the southern Sichuan and western Chongqing area: a case study of well DB 1
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摘要: 四川盆地中二叠统茅口组是天然气的重要产层，近期浙江油田分公司在渝西大安探区DB1井茅一段“眼皮眼球”灰岩的灰质源岩气储层中，直井试气获得42 000 m3/d、水平井(DB1H井)试气初产55.6×104 m3/d以上的工业气流，实现了蜀南—渝西泥质灰岩非常规天然气勘探突破，展示了该区良好的勘探前景。四川盆地茅一段眼皮眼球灰岩具有自生自储特征，连续稳定展布，且热演化成熟度高，中缓坡相带纯灰岩不具有水敏和酸敏特性，以碳酸盐脆性矿物为主，易于酸化压力开发，因此开展富有机质灰岩储层特征及主控因素研究意义重大。以DB1井为例，研究茅一段岩石学、沉积学及储层特征，发现沉积于水体较震荡、生物发育的中缓坡相带、主体为深灰—灰黑色富有机质的泥晶灰岩储层物性较好，总体上茅一c亚段好于茅一a亚段，眼皮灰岩大孔发育程度高于眼球灰岩，微孔发育程度差别不大。茅一段主要储集空间类型有溶蚀孔、裂缝、黏土矿物孔缝和有机质孔，黏土矿物(主要是滑石)和有机质内的孔隙主要分布于眼皮灰岩中；沉积过程与成岩作用是控制茅一段眼皮、眼球灰岩储层发育的主要因素，中缓坡沉积相带控制了富有机质纯泥晶生屑灰岩储层的发育特征和区域展布，成岩作用和断裂、断溶作用影响灰岩储层储集性能的改善，并成为富集高产的主因。渝西DB1井区“黑茅口”富有机质的茅一段直井、水平井突破商业气流获得稳定高产，表明茅一段灰质源岩气成藏赋存条件好，具有自生自储为主+局部构造带短距离聚集的2种成藏模式以及气藏连续型展布、资源规模大的特征，茅一段灰质源岩气“连续型气藏”勘探潜力大，将成为四川盆地重要的潜在勘探新层系。Abstract: The Middle Permian Maokou Formation in the Sichuan Basin is an important natural gas payzone. Recently, Zhejiang Oilfield Company of CNPC obtained industrial gas flow of vertical well test 42×103 m3/d and horizontal well (well DB 1H) test 556×103 m3/d in the limy source rock gas reservoir of eyelid and eyeball- shaped limestone in the first member of the Maokou Formation in well DB 1, Da'an exploration area, western Chongqing. A breakthrough has been made in the unconventional gas exploration of argillaceous limestone in the southern Sichuan and western Chongqing area, showing good exploration prospects in this area. The eyelid and eyeball-shaped limestone in the first member of the Maokou Formation in the Sichuan Basin has the characteristics of self-generation and self-storage, continuous and stable distribution and high thermal maturity. The limestone of central gentle slope facies shows no water sensitivity or acid sensitivity, and is dominated by carbonate brittle minerals, which is ideal for acid-fracturing development. It is of great significance to study the characteristics and main controlling factors of the organic rich limestone reservoir. Taking well DB 1 as an example, this paper carried out a study on the petrology, sedimentology and reservoir characteristics of the first member of the Maokou Formation, and it is found that, deposited on the central gentle slope with frequent water activity and abundant organism, the dark gray to black micrite with high organic matter content has good physical properties. In general, submember c has better physical properties than submember a. The development degree of macropores in eyelid-shaped limestone is higher than that in eyeball-shaped limestone, and the development degree of micropores is not much different. The main pore types of the first member of the Maokou Formation include dissolution pores, fractures, clay mineral apertures and organic pores. The pores in clay minerals (mainly talc) and organic matters are mainly distributed in the eyelid-shaped limestone. Depositional process and diagenesis are the main factors controlling the development of the eyelid and eyeball-shaped limestone reservoirs. The central gentle slope facies controls the development and distribution features of the organic-rich micrites. Diagenesis as well as fracture and dissolution effects improve the reservoir capacity of limestone, which is critical for hydrocarbon accumulation. Stable and high yield commercial gas flow was obtained in the vertical wells and horizontal wells in the first member of the Maokou Formation which has high organic matter content in well DB 1 block in the western Chongqing area, indicating that the accumulation and occurrence conditions of limestone source rock gas are good in the first member of the Maokou Formation. It has two kinds of accumulation modes with self-generation and self-storage dominance and short distance aggregation of local structural bands, and has the characteristics of continuous distribution of gas reservoir and large resource scale. The "continuous gas reservoir: in the limestone source rock in the first member of the Maokou Formation has great exploration potential, which will become an important exploration target with good potential in the Sichuan Basin.
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图 1 四川盆地构造分区及DB1井位置
Figure 1. Structural sketch map of Sichuan Basin and location of well DB 1
图 2 蜀南—渝西地区DB1井中二叠统茅口组岩性、测井评价综合柱状图
Figure 2. Comprehensive histograms showing lithology and logging evaluation of Middle Permian Maokou Formation in well DB 1 in southern Sichuan and western Chongqing area
图 3 蜀南—渝西地区DB1井中二叠统茅口组一段典型岩石类型的岩心和显微薄片照片
a.DB1井茅一段眼皮、眼球灰岩；b.泥晶灰岩，2 527.14 m (眼球灰岩)；c.含生屑泥质灰岩，2 527.71 m(眼皮灰岩)；d.泥晶灰岩，2 517.70 m (眼球灰岩)；e.生屑泥质灰岩，2 517.45 m(眼皮灰岩)；f.灰质云岩，2 727.13 m；g.灰质云岩，2 727.84 m。
Figure 3. Cores and micro-photos of typical rocks in first member of Middle Permian Maokou Formation in well DB 1 in southern Sichuan and western Chongqing area
图 4 蜀南—渝西地区DB1井中二叠统茅口组一段储集空间类型
a.2 723.73 m，眼皮灰岩，黄色箭头为溶蚀孔，茜素红染色，单偏光；b.2 725.26 m，眼球灰岩，黄色箭头为溶蚀孔，铸体薄片，正交偏光；c.2 729.19 m，眼球灰岩，黄色箭头指示生屑溶蚀孔，铸体薄片，单偏光；d.2 680.95 m，滑石中生屑溶蚀孔，单偏光；e-f.2 522.08~2 522.38 m，裂缝主要发育于眼球灰岩中，且多被方解石充填。
Figure 4. Typical reservoir space types in first member of Middle Permian Maokou Formation in well DB 1 in southern Sichuan and western Chongqing area
图 5 蜀南—渝西地区DB1井中二叠统茅口组一段与滑石和有机质相关的微孔特征
a.滑石晶格缝(2 718.15 m)；b.滑石与方解石之间的粒缘缝(2 718.15 m)；c.滑石交代生屑(2 728.88 m)；d.滑石交代生屑，与石英共生(2 727.81 m)；e.黄色箭头为滑石，红色箭头为萤石(2 517.45 m)；f.有机质孔(2 718.15 m)。
Figure 5. Micropore characteristics associated with talc and organic matter in first member of Middle Permian Maokou Formation in well DB 1 in southern Sichuan and western Chongqing area
图 6 蜀南—渝西地区DB1井中二叠统茅口组一段眼皮、眼球灰岩孔隙度分布
Figure 6. Porosity distribution of eyelid and eyeball-shaped limestone in first member of Middle Permian Maokou Formation in well DB 1 in southern Sichuan and western Chongqing area
图 7 蜀南—渝西地区DB1井中二叠统茅口组一段孔隙结构CT图
a-d.分别为眼皮灰岩(2 525.38 m)的xy、yz、xz以及三维岩心提取的孔隙图；e-h.分别为眼球灰岩(2 528.3 m)的xy、yz、xz以及三维岩心提取的孔隙图。
Figure 7. CT photos of pore structures in first member of Middle Permian Maokou Formation in well DB 1 in southern Sichuan and western Chongqing area
图 8 蜀南—渝西地区DB1井中二叠统茅口组一段眼皮、眼球灰岩孔径分布
Figure 8. Pore size distribution of eyelid and eyeball-shaped limestone in first member of Middle Permian Maokou Formation in well DB 1 in southern Sichuan and western Chongqing area
图 9 蜀南—渝西地区DB1井中二叠统茅口组一段眼皮灰岩和眼球灰岩孔喉模型
a.2 525.38 m眼皮灰岩喉道分布；b-c.2 525.38 m眼皮灰岩孔喉网络模型(球为孔隙，棍为喉道)；d.2 528.3 m眼球灰岩喉道分布；e-f.2 528.3 m眼球灰岩孔喉网络模型(球为孔隙，棍为喉道)。
Figure 9. Pore throat models of eyelid and eyeball-shaped limestone in first member of Middle Permian Maokou Formation in well DB 1 in southern Sichuan and western Chongqing area
表 1 蜀南—渝西地区DB1井中二叠统茅口组一段眼皮、眼球灰岩微孔、孔喉参数
Table 1. Micro-pore and pore throat parameters of eyelid and eyeball-shaped limestone in first member of Middle Permian Maokou Formation in well DB 1 in southern Sichuan and western Chongqing area
项目 茅口组一段样品 眼皮灰岩(2 525.38 m) 眼球灰岩(2 528.3 m) 孔隙 表面积/μm2 平均：4 108.89 平均：5 453.15 最小：768.78 最小：768.78 最大：2.55×107 最大：4.32×107 中间值：1 442.69 中间值：1 441.28 体积/μm3 平均：34 337.07 平均：46 319.06 最小：4 093.69 最小：4 093.69 最大：3.15×108 最大：4.98×108 中间值：8 181.71 中间值：8 174.52 直径/μm 平均：28.66 平均：29.76 最小：19.84 最小：19.84 最大：844.35 最大：983.73 中间值：24.99 中间值：24.99 喉道 长度/μm 最小：18.3 最小：16.96 最大：706.89 最大：588.79 体积/μm3 最小：3 678.74 最小：3 410.33 最大：1.78×105 最大：4.39×105 直径/μm 最小：15.98 最小：15.98 最大：42.64 最大：55.08 
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