Characteristics of pressure relief induced by shale brittle fracture in tectonic uplift area and its influence on shale oil enrichment: a case study of Chang 73 sub-member of Yanchang Formation in Yan'an area
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摘要: 为深入认识大幅度构造抬升引起的泥页岩脆性破裂泄压特征及对页岩油富集的影响,以鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区延长组长73亚段为研究对象,运用改进的超压判识图版和数值模拟技术,综合考虑构造抬升过程中温度降低、孔隙回弹、超压泥页岩脆性破裂泄压等作用,定量分析了研究区目的层不同岩性地层由异常高压转变为异常低压或近常压的演化过程,进一步总结了其对页岩油富集的影响规律。研究区长73亚段早白垩世末期超压成因主要为生烃作用和欠压实作用,砂岩层超压主要来源于邻近烃源岩的超压传递;晚白垩世以来构造抬升引起的孔隙回弹和温度降低主导了研究区长73亚段砂岩异常低压的形成,脆性破裂泄压和温度降低使得长73亚段泥页岩形成弱超压或近常压。研究区长73亚段顶底两套富有机质泥页岩脆性破裂泄压时间不同步,使得顶、底2套富有机质泥页岩与其夹持的砂岩间具有较大的油气运移动力(源储过剩压力差),其大小为16~22 MPa;同时,油气保存过程中裂缝已闭合的顶部泥页岩封盖层仍与其下覆砂岩保持着约1.42~6.80 MPa的过剩压力差,一定程度上加强了页岩层系油气的封闭能力,不同源储配置下地层压力的差异演化对页岩油的富集起到了重要控制作用。Abstract: In order to gain a deeper understanding of the pressure relief characteristics of shale brittle fracture caused by large-scale tectonic uplift and its impact on shale oil enrichment, this paper, taking the Chang 73 sub-member of Yanchang Formation in Yan'an area of Ordos Basin as the research object, quantitatively analyzes the evolution of different lithological properties from overpressure to underpressure or near normal pressure, and further summarizes its influence on the enrichment of shale oil by utilizing the modified overpressure identification plate and numerical simulation techniques and taking into account the effects of temperature reduction, elastic rebound, and brittle rupture of overpressured shale in the process of tectonic uplift. The results show that the origins of overpressure at the end of the Early Cretaceous in the Chang 73 sub-member in the study area are mainly hydrocarbon generation and disequilibrium compaction, and the overpressure of the sandstone layer mainly originates from the overpressure transference from the neighboring source rocks; elastic rebound and temperature reduction due to tectonic uplift since the Late Cretaceous dominates the formation of underpressure in the Chang 73 sub-member sandstones in the study area, and brittle fracture pressure relief and temperature reduction lead to the formation of weak overpressure or near normal pressure in the Chang 73 sub-member shale. The timing of brittle fracture pressure relief of the top and bottom sets of organic-rich shale in the Chang 73 sub-member of the study area is not synchronized, resulting in large transport dynamics (source-reservoir excess pressure difference) between the top and bottom sets of organic-rich shale and their intercalated sandstones with magnitudes ranging from 16 to 22 MPa. Meanwhile, fractures in the top shale have closed during oil and gas preservation, and there is an excess pressure differential of about 1.42-6.80 MPa between it and the underlying sandstone, which strengthens the hydrocarbon containment capacity of the shale. Differential evolution of formation pressure under different source-reservoir configurations plays an important role in controlling shale oil enrichment.
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Key words:
- tectonic uplift /
- brittle fracture /
- elastic rebound /
- shale oil /
- Yanchang Formation /
- Triassic /
- Yan'an area /
- Ordos Basin
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图 4 鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区古热流随时间演化图修改自参考文献[48]。
Figure 4. Evolution of heat flow over time in Yan'an area, Ordos Basin
图 9 鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区YY22井埋藏史和热史模拟结果实测TOC和实测Ro来自于参考文献[65]。
Figure 9. Simulation results of burial history and thermal history of well YY22 in Yan'an area, Ordos Basin
图 12 鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区代表井长73亚段富有机质泥页岩晚白垩世以来的地层压力演化
a.YY1井顶部富有机质泥页岩;b.YY1井底部富有机质泥页岩;c.YY22井顶部富有机质泥页岩;d.YY22井底部富有机质泥页岩;e.YS2井顶部富有机质泥页岩;f.YS2井底部富有机质泥页岩。
Figure 12. Formation pressure evolution of organic-rich shale in Chang 73 sub-member of representative well in Yan'an area, Ordos Basin since Late Cretaceous
表 1 鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区代表井地层剥蚀量
Table 1. Erosion thickness in representative well in Yan'an area, Ordos Basin
井名 不同时期剥蚀厚度/m 晚三叠世末期 早侏罗世末 晚侏罗世末 早白垩世末 YY1 60 160 220 1 150 YY22 100 135 220 1 100 YS2 155 140 200 900 表 2 鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区代表井长73亚段模拟参数及其地层压力模拟结果
Table 2. Simulation parameters of Chang 73 sub-member of representative well and its pressure simulation results in Yan'an area, Ordos Basin
井名 岩层 ω(TOC)/% 有机质类型 岩性厚度/m 最大埋深时期生烃增压/MPa 最大埋深时期欠压实增压/MPa YY1 顶部泥页岩 8.49 Ⅱ1 13.8 21.48 1.52 底部泥页岩 3.26 Ⅱ1 27.3 11.45 1.49 YY22 顶部泥页岩 4.90 Ⅱ1 26.0 14.63 2.53 底部泥页岩 4.70 Ⅱ1 8.0 7.94 2.46 YS2 顶部泥页岩 3.59 Ⅱ1 11.0 13.78 2.56 底部泥页岩 3.97 Ⅱ1 20.0 16.07 1.95 表 3 鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区长73亚段不同岩性孔隙回弹和温度降低引起的降压量
Table 3. Pressure reduction due to elastic rebound and temperature reduction in Chang 73 sub-member in Yan'an area, Ordos Basin
井名 岩层 温度变化量/℃ 温度降低引起的降压量/MPa 抬升量/m 孔隙回弹引起的降压量/MPa 计算压力系数 YY1 顶部泥页岩 88.11 4.37 1 150 1.68 底部泥页岩 89.78 4.45 1 150 1.86 YY22 顶部泥页岩 86.00 4.26 1 100 2.75 砂岩层 86.15 12.31 1 100 10.60 0.15 底部泥页岩 86.63 4.29 1 100 1.65 YS2 顶部泥页岩 86.73 4.30 900 1.80 砂岩层 86.85 12.41 900 8.67 0.32 底部泥页岩 88.20 4.37 900 1.59 表 4 鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区长73亚段富有机质泥页岩OCR门限时间及脆性破裂泄压量计算结果
Table 4. Calculation results of OCR threshold time and brittle rupture pressure relief of organic-rich shale in Chang 73 sub-member in Yan'an area, Ordos Basin
井名 岩层 ω(TOC)/% 抬升量/m 温度降低引起的降压量/MPa 最大埋深时期古压力/MPa OCR门限值时间/Ma 脆性破裂泄压量/MPa YY1 顶部泥页岩 8.49 1 150 4.37 47.34 76.50 25.24 底部泥页岩 3.26 1 150 4.45 37.55 51.74 17.08 YY22 顶部泥页岩 4.90 1 100 4.26 41.04 62.51 20.32 底部泥页岩 4.70 1 100 4.29 34.44 45.16 14.82 YS2 顶部泥页岩 3.59 900 4.30 40.87 33.49 20.06 底部泥页岩 3.97 900 4.37 42.81 38.49 21.19 -
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