Basis of petroleum geological theory and exploration direction for ultra-deep exploration of 10 000-meter depth
-
摘要: 油气资源是关系着我国经济发展的重要战略资源。我国陆上主力油田经过50余年开采，油田含水率已超90%。我国石油和天然气对外依存度已分别由2013年的58.9%和29.2%提高到2022年的71.2%和40.2%，已进入石油安全警戒线，影响国家安全。为了寻找更多接替储量，油气勘探向“更深、更复杂”超深层的万米勘探新领域推进，近期国内油公司相继实施了“深海一号”、“深地一号”油气勘探计划，探索实践了智能导钻新技术，推动了万米勘探计划的实施，9 000 m以深的井也发现了油气藏。通过近期的勘探实践，从超深层成烃、成储与成藏机理等方面，论证了万米钻探的石油地质理论依据，指出超深层具有多途径生烃，已经突破120~160 ℃的生烃门限；“三元控储”理论指出，大于4 500 m的深层、超深层仍发育有效的储集体；多期成藏与保持是超深层规模油气藏发育的有利条件。四川盆地海相深层资源总量约为15.22×1012 m3，其绵长裂陷槽周缘震旦系、川中古隆起周缘龙王庙组、城口海槽南侧米仓山—大巴山地区龙王庙组、川西上古生界深层等具有千亿立方米的资源规模。塔里木海相深层总资源量约为152.62×108 t油当量，其中塔北隆起、塔中隆起、麦盖提斜坡的中下奥陶统岩溶以及满加尔西缘中下寒武统台缘带、阿瓦提—顺托果勒中下寒武统台内滩等是具有亿吨级规模的勘探领域。鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘的中新元古界近期也有重要的油气发现。准噶尔盆地准中深洼带、塔里木盆地库车坳陷深层等碎屑岩领域也是万米勘探的重要领域。Abstract: Oil and gas resources are of important strategic importance for China's economic development. After more than 50 years of mining in main oil fields, the water cut of oil fields in China has exceeded 90%. China's external dependence on oil and natural gas has increased from 58.9% and 29.2% in 2013 to 71.2% and 40.2% in 2022 respectively, reaching the oil security warning line and impeding national security. In order to find more replacement reserves, oil and gas exploration has been promoted to the "deeper and more complicated" ultra-deep exploration area of 10 000-meter depth. Recently, domestic oil companies have successively implemented the "Deep Sea No. 1" and "Deep Earth No. 1" oil and gas exploration plans, which have explored and practiced new technologies of intelligent drilling and promoted the implementation of the 10 000-meter exploration plans, and reservoirs have been encountered by wells over 9 000 m deep. Based on recent exploration practice, this paper demonstrates the basis of petroleum geological theory for exploration of 10 000-meter depth from the aspects of ultra-deep hydrocarbon generation, storage and accumulation mechanisms, and it suggests that multi-source hydrocarbon generation can be identified in ultra-deep strata and the hydrocarbon generation threshold has exceeded 120-160 ℃. The "three-element controlling reservoir" theory points out that deep and ultra-deep reservoirs can be developed at depths greater than 4 500 meters and multi-phase hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation constitute a favorable condition for the development of ultra-deep large-scale oil and gas reservoirs. The Sichuan Basin has the total resources of about 15.22×1012 m3 in deep marine strata, wherein the Sinian system on the margin of Mianyang-Changning taphrogenic trough, the Longwangmiao Formation on the margin of central Sichuan palaeo-uplift, the Longwangmiao Formation in Micang Mountain-Daba Mountain areas to the east of Chengkou oceanic trough, and the Upper Paleozoic in western Sichuan have a resource potential of more than hundreds of billions of cubic meters. The Tarim Basin has about 15.262×109 tons of equivalent oil in deep marine strata, wherein the Middle-Lower Ordovician karst area in the Tabei uplift, Tazhong uplift and Maigaiti slope, the Middle-Lower Cambrian platform marginal zone on the western margin of Manjiaer Sag, and the Middle and Lower Cambrian intraplatform shoal of Awat-Shuntuoguole are all oil potential areas of hundreds of millions of tons. There are important oil and gas discovery in the Middle Neoproterozoic in the southwest edge of Ordos Basin. Additionally, the field of clastic rocks such as the deep strata in the central deep depression zone in Junggar Basin and the Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin are also important areas of exploration of 10 000-meter depth.
-
图 2 不同地区油气藏的地温梯度
Figure 2. Geothermal gradient of hydrocarbon reservoirs in different areas
图 4 塔里木盆地顺北走滑断裂与储层成因模式
修改自文献[27]。
Figure 4. Mechanism of strike-slip faults and reservoir formation in northern Shuntuoguole area, Tarim Basin
图 5 国内外部分油气藏成藏期—埋深示意
修改自文献[31]。
Figure 5. Correlation between accumulation period and burial depth of some oil and gas reservoirs in China and abroard
表 1 我国典型深井钻井情况简表
Table 1. Brief situation of typical deep drilling wells in China
盆地 井号 构造位置 完钻井深/m 完钻层位 四川盆地 NJ1 龙女寺构造 6 011.6 前震旦系 WT1 檀木场潜伏构造 8 060 南沱组 SHY001-H6 龙门山构造带 9 010 二叠系栖霞组 PT6 川中平缓断褶带 9 026 灯影组 YB121H 九龙山背斜构造带 7 786 长兴组 PSH6 川中古隆起北斜坡 9 040 灯影组二段 YB13 九龙山背斜 7 192 茅口组 YB28 元坝低缓构造带 7 065 吴家坪组 塔里木盆地 SHB3 顺托果勒低隆起 7 520~7 870 一间房组、鹰山组 SHB 501 顺托果勒低隆起 8 360 一间房组、鹰山组 SHB 5-5H 顺托果勒低隆起 8 520 一间房组、鹰山组 SHB 55X 顺托果勒低隆起 8 725 一间房组、鹰山组 SHB 53-2H 顺托果勒低隆起 8 662.96 一间房组、鹰山组 TSH5 阿克库勒凸起 9 017 奇格布拉克组 SHB56X 顺托果勒低隆起 9 300 一间房组、鹰山组 LT1 阿克库勒凸起 8 882 肖尔布拉克组和沙依里克组组 TSH1 阿克库勒凸起 8 048 蓬莱坝组 SHB84X 顺托果勒低隆起 9 195 齐格布拉克组 ZHSH1 塔中隆起 6 835 沙依里克组 CT1 古城隆起 7 280 上寒武统 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 国内外部分重点地区深层主力烃源岩主生烃期埋深与现今埋深对比
Table 2. Comparison between burial depth of main source rocks in deep formations during main hydro- carbon generation period and current burial depth in some key regions in China and abroad
盆地/油田 井名/地区 烃源岩 主生烃期埋深/m 井深/m 扎格罗斯Kuh-e-Mond油田 MD-5 Kazhdumi组 4 000 5 000 坎波斯盆地外陆架区 RJS-117 下白垩统 4 500 6 000 南阿曼盐盆AlNoor油田 下寒武统A4层段 4 200 4 500 二叠盆地特拉华次盆 War-Wink 中奥陶统Simpson群 4 500 6 500 阿纳达科盆地 西部前渊区 泥盆系Woodford页岩 2 500 11 500 滨里海盆地南部次盆 Tengiz油田 泥盆系 4 500 6 500 墨西哥湾 Hatters Pond Smackover页岩 3 750 4 700 南里海—西土库曼斯坦 麦考普群 4 500 12 250 塔河油田 S74 寒武系玉尔吐斯组 4 500 6 500 塔河油田 SN4 寒武系玉尔吐斯组 3 500 6 700 塔河油田 艾丁4 寒武系玉尔吐斯组 2 500 6 000 顺北气田 SN5 寒武系玉尔吐斯组 4 100 7 500 塔河油田 TS5 寒武系玉尔吐斯组 4 000 9 017 普光气田 普光2 吴家坪组 4 000 7 500 元坝气田 元坝2 吴家坪组 3 000 7 500 安岳气田 磨溪8 筇竹寺组 2 500 5 800 四川盆地 马深1 筇竹寺组 4 100 8 500 大牛地气田 大深1 中奥陶统 3 540 4 300
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 张水昌, 王华建, 王晓梅, 等. 中元古代海洋生物碳泵: 有机质来源、降解与富集[J]. 科学通报, 2022, 67(15): 1624-1643. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB202215005.htmZHANG Shuichang, WANG Huajian, WANG Xiaomei, et al. Mesoproterozoic marine biological carbon pump: source, degradation, and enrichment of organic matter[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2022, 67(15): 1624-1643. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB202215005.htm [2] TISSOT B P, WELTE D H. Petroleum formation and occurrence[M]. Berlin: Springer, 1984: 1-272. [3] 李慧莉, 邵志兵, 金之钧, 等. 多旋回盆地复杂生烃史条件下烃源岩生烃量研究[J]. 石油实验地质, 2007, 29(2): 162-166. doi: 10.11781/sysydz200702162LI Huili, SHAO Zhibing, JIN Zhijun, et al. Study on the hydrocarbon-generation amount under the complex geological history in the poly-cyclic basin[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2007, 29(2): 162-166. doi: 10.11781/sysydz200702162 [4] 金之钧, 张刘平, 杨雷, 等. 沉积盆地深部流体的地球化学特征及油气成藏效应初探[J]. 地球科学(中国地质大学学报), 2002, 27(6): 659-665. https://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-ZGSY200309001024.htmJIN Zhijun, ZHANG Liuping, YANG Lei, et al. Primary study of geochemical features of deep fluids and their effectiveness on oil/gas reservoir formation in sedimental basins[J]. Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences), 2002, 27(6): 659-665. https://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-ZGSY200309001024.htm [5] 孙龙德, 邹才能, 朱如凯, 等. 中国深层油气形成、分布与潜力分析[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2013, 40(6): 641-649. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SKYK201306001.htmSUN Longde, ZOU Caineng, ZHU Rukai, et al. Formation, distribution and potential of deep hydrocarbon resources in China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(6): 641-649. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SKYK201306001.htm [6] 赵贤正, 金凤鸣, 王权, 等. 中国东部超深超高温碳酸盐岩潜山油气藏的发现及关键技术: 以渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷牛东1潜山油气藏为例[J]. 海相油气地质, 2011, 16(4): 1-10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-9854.2011.04.001ZHAO Xianzheng, JIN Fengming, WANG Quan, et al. A superdeep and superhigh temperature carbonate buried-hill reservoir in Eastern China: discovery and the key exploration technology of Nudong-1 buried-hill oil and gas reservoir in Jizhong Depression, Bohaiwan Basin[J]. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 2011, 16(4): 1-10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-9854.2011.04.001 [7] 赵贤正, 金凤鸣, 王权, 等. 渤海湾盆地牛东1超深潜山高温油气藏的发现及其意义[J]. 石油学报, 2011, 32(6): 915-927. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB201106002.htmZHAO Xianzheng, JIN Fengming, WANG Quan, et al. Niudong 1 ultra-deep and ultra-high temperature subtle buried hill field in Bohai Bay Basin: discovery and significance[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2011, 32(6): 915-927. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB201106002.htm [8] HILL R J, TANG Yongchun, KAPLAN I R. Insights into oil cracking based on laboratory experiments[J]. Organic Geoche-mistry, 2003, 34(12): 1651-1672. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00173-6 [9] BEHAR F, LORANT F, MAZEAS L. Elaboration of a new compositional kinetic schema for oil cracking[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2008, 39(6): 764-782. doi: 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.03.007 [10] SCHENK H J, DI PRIMIO R, HORSFIELD B. The conversion of oil into gas in petroleum reservoirs. Part 1: comparative kinetic investigation of gas generation from crude oils of lacustrine, marine and fluviodeltaic origin by programmed-temperature closed-system pyrolysis[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 1997, 26(7/8): 467-481. [11] 何坤, 张水昌, 米敬奎. 原油裂解的动力学及控制因素研究[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2011, 22(2): 211-218. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TDKX201102003.htmHE Kun, ZHANG Shuichang, MI Jingkui. Research on the kinetics and controlling factors for oil cracking[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2011, 22(2): 211-218. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TDKX201102003.htm [12] 张水昌, 胡国艺, 米敬奎, 等. 三种成因天然气生成时限与生成量及其对深部油气资源预测的影响[J]. 石油学报, 2013, 34(S1): 41-50. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB2013S1004.htmZHANG Shuichang, HU Guoyi, MI Jingkui, et al. Time-limit and yield of natural gas generation from different origins and their effects on forecast of deep oil and gas resources[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2013, 34(S1): 41-50. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB2013S1004.htm [13] 张水昌, 何坤, 王晓梅, 等. 深层多途径复合生气模式及潜在成藏贡献[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2021, 32(10): 1421-1435. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TDKX202110001.htmZHANG Shuichang, HE Kun, WANG Xiaomei, et al. The multi-path gas generation model and its potential contribution to petroleum accumulation in deep formations[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2021, 32(10): 1421-1435. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TDKX202110001.htm [14] 孟庆强, 李京洲, 刘文汇, 等. 膏盐岩含量对成熟阶段页岩生烃影响的模拟实验[J]. 特种油气藏, 2022, 29(5): 113-118. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TZCZ202205016.htmMENG Qingqiang, LI Jingzhou, LIU Wenhui, et al. Simulation study on the effect of gypsum-salt content on hydrocarbon generation in mature stage shale[J]. Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs, 2022, 29(5): 113-118. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TZCZ202205016.htm [15] 任战利, 崔军平, 祁凯, 等. 深层、超深层温度及热演化历史对油气相态与生烃历史的控制作用[J]. 天然气工业, 2020, 40(2): 22-30. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQG202002004.htmREN Zhanli, CUI Junping, QI Kai, et al. Control effects of temperature and thermal evolution history of deep and ultra-deep layers on hydrocarbon phase state and hydrocarbon generation history[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2020, 40(2): 22-30. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQG202002004.htm [16] 郝芳, 邹华耀, 倪建华, 等. 沉积盆地超压系统演化与深层油气成藏条件[J]. 地球科学(中国地质大学学报), 2002, 27(5): 610-615. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX200205021.htmHAO Fang, ZOU Huayao, NI Jianhua, et al. Evolution of overpressured systems in sedimentary basins and conditions for deep oil/gas accumulation[J]. Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences), 2002, 27(5): 610-615. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX200205021.htm [17] LIU Quanyou, PENG Weilong, MENG Qingqiang, et al. Fractionation of carbon and hydrogen isotopes of TSR-altered gas products under closed system pyrolysis[J]. Scientific Reports, 2020, 10(1): 12921. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69580-0. [18] 刘全有, 朱东亚, 孟庆强, 等. 深部流体及有机—无机相互作用下油气形成的基本内涵[J]. 中国科学(地球科学), 2019, 49(3): 499-520. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK201903002.htmLIU Quanyou, ZHU Dongya, MENG Qingqiang, et al. The scientific connotation of oil and gas formations under deep fluids and organic-inorganic interaction[J]. Science China (Earth Sciences), 2019, 62(3): 507-528. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK201903002.htm [19] SEEWALD J S. Organic-inorganic interactions in petroleum-producing sedimentary basins[J]. Nature, 2003, 426(6964): 327-333. [20] ZHANG Shuichang, HE Kun, HU Guoyi, et al. Unique chemical and isotopic characteristics and origins of natural gases in the Paleozoic marine formations in the Sichuan Basin, SW China: isotope fractionation of deep and high mature carbonate reservoir gases[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2018, 89: 68-82. [21] 张水昌, 苏劲, 张斌, 等. 塔里木盆地深层海相轻质油/凝析油的成因机制与控制因素[J]. 石油学报, 2021, 42(12): 1566-1580. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB202112003.htmZHANG Shuichang, SU Jin, ZHANG Bin, et al. Genetic mechanism and controlling factors of deep marine light oil and condensate oil in Tarim Basin[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2021, 42(12): 1566-1580. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB202112003.htm [22] ZHANG Shuichang, MI Jingkui, HE Kun. Synthesis of hydrocarbon gases from four different carbon sources and hydrogen gas using a gold-tube system by Fischer-Tropsch method[J]. Chemical Geology, 2013, 349-350: 27-35. [23] 戴金星, 邹才能, 张水昌, 等. 无机成因和有机成因烷烃气的鉴别[J]. 中国科学(D辑), 2008, 38(11): 1329-1341. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK200811001.htmDAI Jinxing, ZOU Caineng, ZHANG Shuichang, et al. Identification of inorganic and organic alkane gases[J]. Science in China (Series D), 2008, 38(11): 1329-1341. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK200811001.htm [24] EHRENBERG S N, NADEAU P H, STEEN Ø. Petroleum reservoir porosity versus depth: influence of geological age[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2009, 93(10): 1281-1296. [25] EHRENBERG S N, WALDERHAUG O, BJØRLYKKE K. Carbonate porosity creation by mesogenetic dissolution: reality or illusion?[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2012, 96(2): 217-233. [26] 马永生, 蔡勋育, 赵培荣. 深层、超深层碳酸盐岩油气储层形成机理研究综述[J]. 地学前缘, 2011, 18(4): 181-192. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DXQY201104014.htmMA Yongsheng, CAI Xunyu, ZHAO Peirong. The research status and advances in porosity evolution and diagenesis of deep carbonate reservoir[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2011, 18(4): 181-192. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DXQY201104014.htm [27] 何治亮, 魏修成, 钱一雄, 等. 海相碳酸盐岩优质储层形成机理与分布预测[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2011, 32(4): 489-498. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT201104004.htmHE Zhiliang, WEI Xiucheng, QIAN Yixiong, et al. Forming mechanism and distribution prediction of quality marine carbonate reservoirs[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2011, 32(4): 489-498. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT201104004.htm [28] 陈军海, 王怡, 韩艳浓, 等. 一种利用岩石强度刻划试验确定岩石PDC钻头可钻性级值的方法[J]. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 41(2): 94-99. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYDX201702011.htmCHEN Junhai, WANG Yi, HAN Yannong, et al. A new method for assessing rock's drillabity for PDC bits via a scratch testing[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum, 2017, 41(2): 94-99. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYDX201702011.htm [29] 康玉柱, 凌翔, 陈新华. 构造体系控油方式[J]. 新疆石油地质, 2013, 34(4): 375-377. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJSD201304003.htmKANG Yuzhu, LING Xiang, CHEN Xinhua. Petroleum control patterns by structural systems[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2013, 34(4): 375-377. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJSD201304003.htm [30] 贾承造, 张水昌. 中国海相超深层油气形成[J/OL]. 地质学报, 2023: 1-27. [2023-08-28]. DOI: 10.19762/j.cnki.dizhi-xuebao.2023201 .JIA Chengzao, ZHANG Shuichang. Formation of marine ultra-deep oil and gas in China[J/OL]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2023: 1-27. [2023-08-28]. DOI:10.19762/j.cnki.dizhixuebao.2023201 .[31] HAO Fang. Enrichment mechanism and prospects of deep oil and gas[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 2022, 96(3): 742-756. DOI: 10.1111/1755-6724.14961. -
图(5) / 表(2)
计量
- 文章访问数: 545
- HTML全文浏览量: 168
- PDF下载量: 76
- 被引次数: 0
苏公网安备32021102000780号