Characteristics, controlling factors and exploration prospects of microbial dolomite reservoirs in the second member of Dengying Formation, Penglai-Zhongjiang area of central Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 四川盆地震旦系灯影组白云岩储集层的形成与演化是近期重点关注的对象，确定其主控因素及发育规律，对天然气勘探与开发具有重要指导意义。基于四川盆地蓬莱—中江地区的钻井、地震资料，通过岩心、薄片观察与实验分析数据，对灯二段优质储集层特征及发育的主控因素进行了研究。该区灯二段储集层岩性主要为微生物白云岩、颗粒白云岩以及角砾状白云岩；储集空间以溶蚀孔洞、残余格架孔、角砾间孔为主，孔隙度主要分布在2.0%~8.0%，平均为4.39%，渗透率平均为0.53×10-3 μm2；储集层厚170~320 m。同沉积断裂造成沉积地貌分异，形成水下高垒地块，为微生物丘(礁)滩体发育提供了有利条件；且断层活动可使弱固结沉积物发生破碎形成角砾状，构成角砾状白云岩优质储层。准同生溶蚀作用是灯二段优质储集层发育的关键，纵向上集中发育在向上变浅旋回的上部。沉积微相分异导致了早期成岩作用的差异，浅埋藏胶结程度决定了孔隙保存的程度。预测川中古隆起北斜坡灯二段发育蓬莱—中江、盐亭—绵阳、苍溪—广元三大断控型台缘丘滩带，面积分别为1 600、1 870、2 280 km2，具有多阶多带特征。盐亭—绵阳、苍溪—广元地区灯二段台缘微生物丘滩体与三套优质烃源岩可形成多种有利源储配置关系，成藏条件优越，预计资源量超万亿立方米，是碳酸盐岩超深层勘探的有利区，有望成为四川盆地下一个万亿立方米气田的突破地。Abstract: The formation and evolution of dolomite reservoirs in the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin have attracted much attention recently. Due to their economic significance for hosting natural gas resources, determining the key factors that govern the formation and evolution of these dolomite reservoirs are important for hydrocarbon exploration and development. Based on the drilling and seismic data in the Penglai-Zhongjiang area of the Sichuan Basin, the main controlling factors for the development of high-quality reservoirs in the second member of Dengying Formation are investigated by integrating core and thin section observation and geochemical analysis. Lithologies of the reservoirs in the second member of Dengying Formation are dominantly microbial dolomites, dolo-grainstones, and brecciaed dolomites. Moreover, reservoir spaces in these dolomites are mostly dissolution pores, residual framework pores, and breccia pores. The porosity ranges from 2.0% to 8.0% with an average of 4.39%, and the average permeability is 0.53×10-3 μm2, and the reservoir thickness is 170-320 m. Synsedimentary faulting had caused the differentiation of depositional paleo-geomorphology and led to the formation of submarine high barriers, which provided favorable conditions for the development of microbial mound (reef) and shoal complexes. Furthermore, fault activities could have broken the weakly consolidated carbonate sediments into breccias, thus resulting in the brecciaed dolomite reservoir. Penecontemporaneous dissolution is the key to the development of high-quality reservoirs in the second member of the Dengying Formation, which is consistent with their occurrence in the upper part of the shallowing-upward cycles. Differentiation in microfacies leads to distinct diagenetic pathways and porosity evolution of these microbial-dominant carbonate sediments. Overall, dolomite cementation during shallow burial had controlled thedegree of pore preservation. It is predicted that three fault-controlled, platform-margin mound regions in the study area, i.e., Penglai-Zhongjiang, Yanting-Mianyang, and Cangxi-Guangyuan, with areas of 1 600 km2, 1 870 km2 and 2 280 km2, respectively, had been developed in the second member of Dengying Formation in the north slope of the central Sichuan paleo-uplift, showing multi-stage and multi-zone characteristics. Microbial mounds in the platform margin of the second member of Dengying Formation in the Yanting-Mianyang and Cangxi-Guangyuan areas, with three sets of high-quality source rocks, may form a variety of favorable source-reservoir combinations. Additionally, the accumulation conditions may have been superior. The estimated natural gas resources in the study area, over one trillion square meters, makes it a favorable area for ultra-deep carbonate exploration and is expected to be a breakthrough site for the next one trillion square gas field in the Sichuan Basin.
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图 1 川中蓬莱—中江地区灯影组二段岩相古地理(a)及典型地层综合柱状图(b)
Figure 1. Lithofacies paleogeographic map (a) and typical comprehensive stratigraphic column (b) of the second member of Dengying Formation in Penglai-Zhongjiang area, central Sichuan Basin
图 2 川中蓬莱—中江地区灯影组二段微生物白云岩储集层特征图片
a.蓬探1井，灯二段，5 730.03~5 730.1 m，葡萄状白云岩，岩心；b.蓬探1井，灯二段，5 747.74 m，藻凝块白云岩，微裂缝发育，岩心；c.蓬探1井，灯二段，5 769.51 m，藻粘结白云岩，窗格孔发育，亮晶白云石胶结，铸体薄片单偏光；d.蓬探102井，灯二段，5 846.16 m，藻格架白云岩，残余格架孔发育，见沥青充填，铸体薄片单偏光；e.蓬探1井，灯二段，5 731.30 m，泡沫绵层白云岩，体腔孔发育，铸体薄片单偏光；f.蓬探103井，灯二段，6 103.93 m，核形石白云岩，普通薄片单偏光。
Figure 2. Photographs showing characteristics of microbial dolomite reservoirs in the second member of Dengying Formation in Penglai-Zhongjiang area, central Sichuan Basin
图 3 川中蓬莱—中江地区灯影组二段角砾状白云岩储集层特征图片
a.蓬探1井，灯二段，5 747.85 m，角砾状白云岩，原岩为藻砂屑—藻凝块白云岩，亮晶白云石胶结，微裂缝发育，普通薄片单偏光；b.蓬探101井，灯二段，5 760.31 m，角砾状白云岩，角砾间见两期白云石胶结物，角砾间溶孔发育，铸体薄片单偏光；c.蓬探102井，5 878.83 m，角砾状白云岩，砾间见两期白云石胶结物，残余砾间孔发育在白云石胶结物间，铸体薄片单偏光；d.蓬探101井，灯二段，5 773.76~5 773.91 m，角砾状白云岩，孔洞发育，孔洞内充填白云石，岩心；e.蓬探101井，灯二段，5 759.34 m，角砾状白云岩，残余砾间孔发育，角砾间发育两期白云石胶结物，第一期为栉壳状白云石，第二期为粗晶白云石，铸体薄片单偏光；f.为e中红框放大，角砾间两期白云石胶结物；g.为f同一视域下的阴极发光照片。
Figure 3. Photographs showing characteristics of brecciated dolomite reservoirs in the second member of Dengying Formation in Penglai-Zhongjiang area, central Sichuan Basin
图 4 川中蓬莱—中江地区灯影组二段颗粒白云岩储集层特征图片
a.蓬探1井，灯二段，5 731.08~5 731.18 m，砂屑白云岩，针孔、溶孔发育，岩心；b.蓬探1井，灯二段，5 734.5 m，藻砂屑白云岩，残余粒间孔发育，颗粒之间亮晶白云石胶结，铸体薄片单偏光；c.蓬探103井，6 102.82 m，藻砂屑白云岩，残余粒间孔发，亮晶白云石胶结，铸体薄片单偏光；d.蓬探102井，灯二段，5 867.86 m，砾屑白云岩，残余砾间孔发育，砾间发育三期白云石胶结物，见沥青，铸体薄片单偏光；e.中江2井，灯二段，6 548.24 m，砂砾屑白云岩，少量残余砾间孔发育，铸体薄片单偏光；f.蓬探103井，灯二段，5 949.47 m，藻砂屑白云岩，残余粒间孔与粒内孔发育，铸体薄片单偏光。
Figure 4. Photographs showing characteristics of granular dolomite reservoirs in the second member of Dengying Formation in Penglai-Zhongjiang area, central Sichuan Basin
图 5 四川盆地中部蓬莱气区灯影组二段全直径样品物性分布直方图
Figure 5. Histograms showing physical property distribution of whole diameter samples from the second member of Dengying Formation in Penglai gas field, central Sichuan Basin
图 6 四川盆地中部蓬探101井灯影组二段岩心综合柱状图
Figure 6. Comprehensive column of cores in the second member of Dengying Formation in well Pengtan 101, central Sichuan Basin
图 7 川中蓬莱—中江地区灯影组二段顶部同沉积断裂地震特征
剖面位置见图 1。
Figure 7. Seismic characteristics of synsedimentary faults on the top of the second member of Dengying Formation in Penglai-Zhongjiang area, central Sichuan Basin
图 8 川中蓬莱—中江地区微生物岩微观沉积结构和成岩特征差异与碳氧同位素对比
Figure 8. Differences in microscopic characteristics of depositional fabrics and diagenesis of microbialites in Penglai-Zhongjiang area, central Sichuan Basin as well as the comparison of carbon and oxygen isotopes
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