青藏高原南羌塘坳陷白垩纪以来的隆升剥蚀历史——来自低温热年代学的约束

马泽良; 何治亮; 罗开平; 彭金宁; 庄新兵; 杨帆; 刘栩

doi:10.11781/sysydz202401075

青藏高原南羌塘坳陷白垩纪以来的隆升剥蚀历史——来自低温热年代学的约束

doi: 10.11781/sysydz202401075

1.
中国石化石油勘探开发研究院无锡石油地质研究所, 江苏无锡 214126
2.
中国石油化工股份有限公司, 北京 100728

基金项目:

中国石化科技攻关项目 P21086-6

中国石化科技攻关项目 P22198

详细信息

作者简介:
马泽良(1991-), 男, 博士, 助理研究员, 从事构造地质学研究。E-mail: mazl56340.syky@sinopec.com

通讯作者:
罗开平(1964-), 男, 博士, 研究员, 从事油气地质综合研究。E-mail: luokp.syky@sinopec.com

中图分类号: TE121.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-07-28
- 修回日期: 2023-12-01
- 刊出日期: 2024-01-28

Uplifting and exhumation history in Southern Qiangtang Depression of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since Cretaceous: constrain from low-temperature thermochronology

1.
Wuxi Research Institute of Petroleum Geology, SINOPEC, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214126, China
2.
SINOPEC, Beijing 100728, China

摘要

摘要: 为了重建青藏高原的形成过程和评价羌塘盆地油气的保存条件，对南羌塘坳陷隆升剥蚀历史进行了研究。利用锆石和磷灰石(U-Th)/He和磷灰石裂变径迹技术，对南羌塘坳陷中部嘎尔敖包地区的侏罗系砂岩样品进行了分析，数据显示大部分颗粒经历完全退火阶段；基于实验数据对盆地热史进行反演，并结合区域低温热年代学研究，认为南羌塘坳陷共经历了3期隆升剥蚀历史，即早白垩世、古新世—始新世和中新世以来，分别造成了南羌塘坳陷中部地区1.7~2.6 km、1.89 km和1.13 km的剥蚀量。热历史结果显示，早白垩世南羌塘坳陷中部地区首先遭受剥蚀，随后剥蚀逐渐向南、北两侧传递。南羌塘坳陷第一期冷却历史可能受到羌塘地体和拉萨地体碰撞的影响；第二期冷却历史可能受到印度—亚洲大陆碰撞的影响；第三期冷却历史可能与印度—亚洲大陆持续会聚下羌塘盆地发育大量近南北向断层有关。南羌塘坳陷中部地区位于不同构造位置的样品的热历史显示，其经历了不同的剥蚀过程，这可能受到印度—亚洲大陆的碰撞和随后持续会聚造成的区域性近南北向断裂差异性活动的影响。基于不同构造位置样品热历史的差异性，认为区域性南北向断裂开始活动时间为65~45 Ma。
- 锆石和磷灰石(U-Th)/He /
- 磷灰石裂变径迹 /
- 低温热年代学 /
- 隆升剥蚀历史 /
- 构造演化 /
- 南羌塘坳陷 /
- 羌塘盆地
Abstract: The uplifting and exhumation history of the Southern Qiangtang Depression was studied for reconstructing the evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and evaluating the oil-gas preservation conditions in the Qiangtang Basin. Samples of Jurassic sandstone from Gaeraobao area in the center of Southern Qiangtang Depression were analyzed using zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He and apatite fission track (AFT) techniques, and the data showed that most grains experienced a full annealing phase. Based on the inversion of the thermal history of the basin from the experimental data and combined with the study of regional low temperature thermochronology, it is believed that the Southern Qiangtang Depression has experienced three major uplifting and exhumation episodes: the Early Cretaceous, the Paleocene-Eocene and since the Miocene, and experienced exhumations of 1.7-2.6 km, 1.89 km, and 1.13 km, respectively in the center of Southern Qiangtang Depression. And the thermal history showed that the center of Southern Qiangtang Depression suffered exhumation first in the Early Cretaceous, and then the denudation gradually spread to the north and south. The three episodes correspond to the collision between Qiangtang and Lhasa terranes, the collision between Indian and Asian plates and the movement of N-S strike fault under the continuous convergence of the Indian and Asian continents, respectively. The thermal history of samples at different tectonic locations in the Southern Qiangtang Depression showed that they have undergone different exhumation processes, which may have been controlled by the different activity of regional N-S faults caused by the collision between Indian and Asian plates and its subsequent continued convergence. Based on the differences of thermal histories of the samples at different tectonic locations, it suggested that the regional N-S faults activated since 65-45 Ma.
- zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He /
- apatite fission track /
- low-temperature thermochronology /
- uplifting and exhumation history /
- tectonic evolution /
- Southern Qiangtang Depression /
- Qiangtang Basin
注释:

利益冲突声明/Conflict of Interests

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

作者贡献/Authors’Contributions

马泽良、何治亮和罗开平参与论文写作和修改；彭金宁, 庄新兵参与实验设计；杨帆和刘栩参与了图件绘制。所有作者均阅读并同意最终稿件的提交。

The manuscript was drafted and revised by MA Zeliang, HE Zhiliang and LUO Kaiping. The experiment was designed by PENG Jinning and ZHUANG Xinbing. The figures were drawn by YANG Fan and LIU Xu. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.

HTML全文

图 1 羌塘盆地构造单元划分及低温数据点位分布

据参考文献[7]修编。
AFT.磷灰石裂变径迹；ZFT.锆石裂变径迹；ZHe.锆石(U-Th)/He，数据来自参考文献[1, 6, 8-9, 12, 16]。

Figure 1. Tectonic units of Qiangtang Basin and locations of low-temperature thermochronology data points

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 羌塘盆地南羌塘坳陷嘎尔敖包地区简要地质图及样品位置

图 2平面位置见图 1的红色虚线框。

Figure 2. Brief geological map and sampling locations of Gaeraobao area in Southern Qiangtang Depression, Qiangtang Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 羌塘盆地南羌塘坳陷噶尔敖包地区磷灰石裂变径迹的卡方检验^[43]

Figure 3. Chi-square test of apatite fission track of Gaeraobao area in Southern Qiangtang Depression, Qiangtang Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 羌塘盆地南羌塘坳陷噶尔敖包地区热历史模拟

蓝色框为时间—温度限定框；“好的”结果(拟合度大于0.55)用粉红色区域表示；“可接受的”结果(拟合度大于0.05)用绿色区域表示；蓝色粗线代表所有结果的加权平均；黑色粗线代表最佳拟合曲线；红色虚线框代表冷却开始或冷却加速事件。

Figure 4. Thermal history simulation in Gaeraobao area in Southern Qiangtang Depression, Qiangtang Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 羌塘盆地南羌塘坳陷低温热年代学数据—纬度投影图

数据来自参考文献[1, 6, 8-9, 12, 16]及本文。
ZFT.锆石裂变径迹年龄；ZHe.锆石(U-Th)/He年龄；AFT.磷灰石裂变径迹年龄；AHe.磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄；n.年龄数据量。

Figure 5. Low-temperature thermochronological data vs. latitude projection of Southern Qiangtang Depression, Qiangtang Basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 羌塘盆地南羌塘坳陷早白垩世以来的隆升剥蚀历史

a.青藏高原主要的地质事件时间点(拉萨—羌塘碰撞时间引自文献[50]，印度—亚洲大陆碰撞时间引自文献[51]，青藏高原南东向逃逸时间引自文献[52])；b-d.南羌塘坳陷热历史曲线图。
图中不同颜色曲线代表来自不同文献中的热历史；蓝色柱子代表冷却开始或冷却加速事件。

Figure 6. Uplifting and exhumation history of southern Qiangtang Depression, Qiangtang Basin since Early Cretaceous

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 羌塘盆地南羌塘坳陷噶尔敖包地区砂岩样品磷灰石(U-Th)/He(AHe)结果

Table 1. Apatite (U-Th)/He data of sandstone samples from Gaeraobao area in Southern Qiangtang Depression, Qiangtang Basin

样品编号	⁴He /ncc	质量/mg	F_T¹⁾	U /10^-6	Th/10^-6	Th/U	[eU]²⁾/10^-6	校正年龄/Ma	误差/Ma	颗粒长度/μm	颗粒半径/μm
M21-3-1A	0.017	0.000 8	0.45	7.6	74.8	9.78	25.2	67.0	1.8	106.6	61.2
M21-3-2A	0.023	0.000 7	0.44	14.9	67.7	4.54	30.8	76.9	2.1	94.4	59.8
M21-3-3A	0.033	0.000 8	0.46	6.6	53.2	8.04	19.1	174.8	5.0	94.2	64.5
M21-3-4A	0.018	0.000 7	0.40	2.0	71.6	35.63	18.8	107.7	3.2	80.0	64.3
M21-6-1A	0.047	0.001 8	0.57	5.2	242.2	46.69	62.1	61.1	1.4	126.0	80.5
M21-6-2A	0.035	0.001 6	0.55	13.6	168.6	12.42	53.2	54.2	1.0	123.3	79.0
M21-6-3A	0.024	0.001 7	0.56	10.3	101.6	9.84	34.2	57.2	1.1	141.0	76.9
M21-6-4A	0.061	0.001 9	0.60	36.5	109.3	3.00	62.2	74.8	2.8	128.6	84.8
1)α粒子射出校正系数^[44]； 2)有效铀含量^[45]。

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 羌塘盆地南羌塘坳陷噶尔敖包地区砂岩样品锆石(U-Th)/He(ZHe)结果

Table 2. Zircon (U-Th)/He data of sandstone samples from Gaeraobao area in Southern Qiangtang Depression, Qiangtang Basin

样品编号	⁴He /ncc	质量/mg	F_T	U /10^-6	Th/10^-6	Th/U	[eU]/10^-6	校正年龄/Ma	误差/Ma	颗粒长度/μm	颗粒半径/μm
M21-3-1Z	0.271	0.003 7	0.71	290.5	334.0	1.15	369.0	47.4	0.7	137.4	75.1
M21-3-2Z	0.385	0.002 1	0.67	142.5	61.3	0.43	156.9	168.6	2.9	118.2	61.6
M21-3-3Z	0.393	0.001 9	0.67	196.8	24.8	0.13	202.7	133.0	2.2	95.0	64.5
M21-3-4Z	0.594	0.001 6	0.65	309.2	69.9	0.23	325.6	129.8	2.2	97.4	59.5
M21-6-1Z	0.260	0.001 9	0.67	134.1	28.7	0.21	140.8	125.9	2.1	93.8	65.7
M21-6-2Z	0.565	0.001 5	0.63	232.1	182.1	0.78	274.9	149.9	2.5	97.2	56.7
M21-6-3Z	0.496	0.001 5	0.64	256.9	58.9	0.23	270.7	132.2	2.5	100.7	56.3
M21-6-4Z	0.480	0.001 4	0.63	215.9	129.5	0.60	246.3	143.3	2.2	89.7	57.9

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 羌塘盆地南羌塘坳陷噶尔敖包地区砂岩样品磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)结果

Table 3. Apatite fission track (AFT) data of sandstone samples from Gaeraobao area in Southern Qiangtang Depression, Qiangtang Basin

样品编号	样品信息				平均径迹长度/μm		数量	平均Dpar值³⁾/μm
样品编号	位置	地层信息	经纬度(°N/°E)	海拔/m	未校正¹⁾	校正²⁾	数量	均值(范围)
M21-3	噶尔敖包	色哇组	32°28′58.521″/89°20′11.614″	4 770	10.10±2.29	11.67±2.05	7	2.38(1.33~3.64)
M21-6	噶尔敖包	色哇组	32°29′23.043″/89°17′54.216″	4 742	11.27±1.97	12.8±1.37	101	2.38(1.83~3.10)

样品编号	年龄结果
	自发径迹			混合²³⁸U ⁴⁾ /10^-6	混合年龄/Ma	p(χ²)⁵⁾	误差/%	中心年龄/Ma
	颗粒数	径迹数	密度/10⁶ cm^-2	混合²³⁸U ⁴⁾ /10^-6	混合年龄/Ma	p(χ²)⁵⁾	误差/%	中心年龄/Ma
M21-3	41	357	1.198 0	18.7±0.86	126.1±11	0.58	6.8	133.8±7.4
M21-6	42	1 202	0.961 3	17.94±0.84	105.6±3.7	0.21	12.0	109.4±4.0
1)未经c轴投影校正的平均径迹长度； 2)经c轴投影校正后的平均径迹长度^[46]； 3)与抛光面相交的径迹的最大直径； 4)各晶粒中混合铀的含量； 5)p(χ²)为卡方检验的值^[43]。

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