Lithofacies characteristics and reservoir capacity of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of second member of Qianfoya Formation in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 四川盆地侏罗系千佛崖组页岩油气勘探前景良好，但目前对其细粒沉积岩基本沉积特征及发育规律的认识还不足。为此，利用细粒沉积学原理，依据岩心和测井资料，通过岩心精细描述、薄片鉴定、X衍射全岩分析及扫描电子显微镜观察等技术手段，精细描述了元坝地区千佛崖组二段(简称千二段)细粒沉积岩储层的物质组成、沉积构造、储集空间类型等地质特征，划分了岩相类型，并对主要岩相储层的物性特征和储集空间类型进行分析与比较，明确了有利层段发育位置。研究结果显示：(1)千二段陆相细粒沉积岩可划分成“黏土岩”和“粉砂岩”2种岩石类型，15种岩相类型。其中，富有机质块状黏土岩、富有机质块状含粉砂黏土岩、富有机质纹层状含粉砂黏土岩、富有机质条带状含粉砂黏土岩、富有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩和富有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩为6种主要岩相类型。(2)储层储集空间类型多样，包括黏土矿物层间缝、层理缝、黏土矿物晶间孔、黄铁矿晶间孔、溶蚀孔及有机孔等，其中黏土矿物晶间孔分布最为广泛。(3)6种主要岩相的平均孔隙度和渗透率分别为2%和0.023×10-3 μm2，富有机质纹层状含粉砂黏土岩、富有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩和富有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩的储集空间类型丰富，分布广、数量多, 孔隙度与渗透率均高于其他岩相且TOC值较高，是最有利的储集岩相类型。(4)千二段有利层段位于其①小层全段、②小层的底部和③小层的中下部。Abstract: The shale oil and gas exploration potential of the Jurassic Qianfoya Formation in the Sichuan Basin is promising. However, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the basic sedimentary characteristics and development patterns of fine-grained sedimentary rocks. Therefore, utilizing the principles of fine-grained sedimentology, this study thoroughly examines the geological features of the fine-grained sedimentary rock reservoir in the second member of the Qianfoya Formation in the Yuanba area. This investigation includes the analysis of material composition, sedimentary structures, reservoir space types, and classification of lithofacies types. Subsequently, the physical characteristics and reservoir space types of the main lithofacies reservoirs are compared and analyzed. Finally, the study predicts the favorable intervals for development. The results reveal that the fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the second member of the Qianfoya Formation in the Yuanba area consist of two rock types: clay rock and siltstone, with a total of 15 rock facies types. Organic-rich massive clay rock, organic-rich massive silty clay rock, organic-rich laminated silty clay rock, organic-rich banded silty clay rock, organic-rich massive silty clay rock, and organic-rich laminated silty clay rock are the six major lithofacies types of fine-grained sedimentary rock. Additionally, various types of reservoir spaces exist, such as interlayer fractures among clay minerals, shale bedding fractures, intercrystalline pores among clay minerals, intercrys-talline pores among iron pyrite, dissolved pores, and organic matter pores. Among these, intercrystalline pores of clay minerals are the most widely distributed. The average porosity and permeability of the six major lithofacies types were found to be 2% and 0.023×10-3 μm2, respectively. The lithofacies of organic-rich laminated silty clay rock, organic-rich laminated silty clay rock, and organic-rich massive silty clay rock exhibit rich reservoir space types, wide distribution, large quantity, higher porosity and permeability compared to other lithofacies, as well as higher TOC values, making them the most favorable reservoir lithofacies types. The dominant stratum of the second member of the Qianfoya Formation in the study area is situated in substratum 1, the bottom of substratum 2, and the middle and lower parts of substratum 3.
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图 1 四川盆地元坝地区构造位置及元页3井千佛崖组二段地层岩性柱状图
据参考文献[15]修改。
Figure 1. Structure location of Yuanba area in Sichuan Basin and stratum lithology column of second member of Qianfoya Formation of well YY3
图 2 四川盆地元坝地区千佛崖组二段细粒沉积岩主要物质组分特征
a.碳质撕裂屑，YY3井，3 541.4 m，10×5(-)，普通薄片；b.有机质与黏土矿物混合形成有机质—黏土纹层，YY3井，3 551 m，10×5(-)，普通薄片；c.伊蒙混层，YY2井，3 750.7 m，600×；d.高岭石，YY3井，3 509.6 m，600×；e.石英颗粒散落分布，YY2井，3 732.1 m, 10×10(+)，普通薄片；f.介壳边缘及内部方解石被硅质交代，YY3井，3 541.4 m，10×5(-)，普通薄片；g.石英晶体，YY3井，3 570.9 m，1 000×；h.长石，YY3井，3 509.6 m，5 000×；i.长石聚片双晶，YY2井，3 732 m，10×10(+)，普通薄片；j.黄铁矿，YY3井，3 521.4 m，10×5(反射光)，普通薄片；k.方解石，YY2井，3 769 m，550×；l.镜质体，YY3井，3 518.3 m，3 500×；m.长条状有机质，YY3井，3 548.2 m，20 000×；n.不规则碎块状有机质，YY3井，3 518.3 m，3 500×；o.颗粒状有机质，3 538.7 m，2 000×；p.黄铁矿，YY2井，3 739 m，20 000×。
Figure 2. Characteristics of main components of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of second member of Qianfoya Formation in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
图 3 四川盆地元坝地区千佛崖组二段细粒沉积岩沉积构造特征
a.块状构造，YY3井，3 535.2~3 535.3 m；b.生物介壳碎屑，YY3井，3 558.6 m，10×1(－)，定向薄片；c.块状构造内见生物扰动作用，YB221井，3 555.7 m，10×10(－)，普通薄片；d.纹层状构造，YY3井，3 561.1~3 561.3 m；e.平直细密的纹层，YY2井，3 726.4 m，10×1(－)，普通薄片；f.波状黏土纹层，YY3井，3 527.4 m，10×1(－)，普通薄片；g.条带状构造，YY2井，3 537.7~3 737.9 m；h.条带内见逆粒序，YY2井，3 772.1 m，10×1(－)，定向薄片；i.粉砂质黏土条带内见生物扰动构造及正粒序构造，YY3，3 570.1 m，10×1(－)，定向薄片。
Figure 3. Characteristics of sedimentary structures of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of second member of Qianfoya Formation in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
图 4 四川盆地元坝地区千佛崖组二段细粒沉积岩岩相划分方案
据参考文献[24]修改。
Ⅰ.黏土岩；Ⅱ.含砂/粉砂黏土岩；Ⅲ.含灰/云黏土岩；Ⅳ.砂/粉砂质黏土岩；Ⅴ.灰/云质黏土岩；Ⅵ.砂岩/粉砂岩；Ⅶ.含黏土砂岩/粉砂岩；Ⅷ.含灰/云砂岩/粉砂岩；Ⅸ.黏土质砂岩/粉砂岩；Ⅹ.灰/云质砂岩/粉砂岩；Ⅺ.灰岩/云岩；Ⅻ.含黏土灰岩/云岩；ⅩⅢ.含砂/粉砂灰岩/云岩；ⅩⅣ.黏土质灰岩/云岩；ⅩⅤ.砂/粉砂质灰岩/云岩。Figure 4. Lithofacies division scheme of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of second member of Qianfoya Formation in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
图 5 四川盆地元坝地区YY3井(a)和YY2井(b)千佛崖组二段岩相类型划分
1.富有机质块状黏土岩岩相；2.富有机质块状含粉砂黏土岩岩相；3.富有机质纹层状含粉砂黏土岩岩相；4.富有机质条带状含粉砂黏土岩岩相；5.富有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩岩相；6.富有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩岩相；7.含有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩岩相；8.贫有机质条带状黏土质粉砂岩岩相；9.贫有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩岩相；10.贫有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩岩相；11.贫有机质块状含粉砂黏土岩岩相；12.贫有机质块状粉砂岩岩相；13.富有机质纹层状黏土岩岩相；14. 含有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩相；15.含有机质块状黏土岩岩相；16.取样位置；17.灰黑色粉砂质黏土岩；18.灰色粉砂质黏土岩；19.浅灰色粉砂质黏土岩；20.灰黑色含粉砂黏土岩；21.灰色含粉砂黏土岩；22.灰黑色黏土岩；23.灰色粉砂岩；24.浅灰色粉砂岩；25.灰色黏土质粉砂岩；26.浅灰色黏土质粉砂岩。
Figure 5. Lithofacies division of second member of Qianfoya Formation of wells YY3(a) and YY2(b) in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
图 6 四川盆地元坝地区千佛崖组二段主要岩相类型及特征
a.富有机质块状黏土岩，YY3井，3 570.4~3 570.5 m；b.内部物质均匀，富有机质块状黏土岩，YY3井，3 516.3 m，10×1(－)，普通薄片；c.见煤球状黄铁矿，富有机质块状黏土岩，YY3井，3 541.4 m，10×10(－)，普通薄片；d.鳞片状黏土矿物定向排列，富有机质块状黏土岩，YY2井，3 769.9 m，15 000×；e.富有机质块状含粉砂黏土岩，YY2井，3 571.8~3571.9 m；f.黏土基质中长英质矿物颗粒较多，富有机质块状含粉砂黏土岩，YY3井，3 518.3 m，10×5(－)，普通薄片；g.石英颗粒分选较好，富有机质块状含粉砂黏土岩，YY3井，3 566.4 m，10×10(－)，普通薄片；h.石英等颗粒散布于黏土矿物中，富有机质块状含粉砂黏土岩，YY2井，3 745.8 m，500×；i.富有机质纹层状含粉砂黏土岩，YY3井，3 565.5~3 565.8 m；j.波状粉砂纹层与黏土纹层互层，富有机质纹层状含粉砂黏土岩，YY3井，3 551.1 m，10×1(－)，普通薄片；k.平直状黏土质粉砂纹层与黏土纹层互层，富有机质纹层状含粉砂黏土岩，YY3井，3 563.5 m，10×1(－)，普通薄片；l.纹层连续或断续分布，富有机质纹层状含粉砂黏土岩，YY3井，3 559.6 m，500×；m.富有机质条带状含粉砂黏土岩，YY3井，3 551.1~3 551.3 m；n.黏土条带—黏土质粉砂条带组合，富有机质条带状含粉砂黏土岩，YY2井，3 758.7 m，10×1(－)，普通薄片；o.条带内部见多期粒序构造，富有机质条带状含粉砂黏土岩，YY2井，3 760.8 m，10×1(－)，定向薄片；p.黏土条带内发育少量矿物颗粒，黏土矿物弯曲变形，富有机质条带状含粉砂黏土岩，YY2井，3 760.8 m，3 000×；q.富有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩，YY3井，3 571.6~3 571.8 m；r. 较多碎屑矿物均匀分布，富有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩，YY3井，3 545.4 m，10×1(－)，普通薄片；s.矿物颗粒分选性一般，富有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩，YY3井，3 507.3 m，10×5(+)，普通薄片；t.大量碎屑矿物分布于黏土矿物中，富有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩，YY3井，3 545.6 m，500×；u.富有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩，YY3井，3 561.1~3 561.3 m；v.黏土纹层与粉砂纹层互层，富有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩，YY3井，3 524.8 m，10×1(－)，普通薄片；w.含粉砂黏土纹层与黏土质粉砂纹层互层，富有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩，YY3井，3 565.1 m，10×1(－)，普通薄片；x.不规则状镜质体，富有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩，YY3井，3 561.7 m，10 000×。
Figure 6. Main lithofacies types and characteristics of second member of Qianfoya Formation in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
图 7 四川盆地元坝地区千佛崖组二段细粒沉积岩储集空间类型显微特征
a.层片状黏土矿物，发育晶间孔，YY3井，3 509.6 m，650×；b.黄铁矿晶间孔内充填黏土矿物及有机质，YY3井，3 526.7 m，30 000×；c.方解石发育溶蚀孔，YY3井，3 529.2 m，12 000×；d.镜质体，YY3井，3 529.3 m，10 000×；e.固体沥青—黏土矿物复合体，发育有机孔，YY3井，3 518.3 m，60 000×；f.黏土矿物层间缝，YY2井，3 769.9 m，15 000×；g.层理缝，YY3井，3 558.7~3 558.8 m；h.层理缝断续分布，具尖灭特征，YY3井，3 565.1 m，10×1(－)，普通薄片；i.层理缝具分叉、尖灭特征，YY3井，3 564.6 m，10×1(－)，普通薄片。
Figure 7. Microscopic characteristics of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of second member of Qianfoya Formation in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
图 8 四川盆地元坝地区千佛崖组二段细粒沉积岩不同岩相中储集空间类型显微特征
a.高岭石晶间孔，富有机质块状黏土岩，YY2井，3 769.9 m，400×；b.固体沥青—黏土矿物复合体，富有机质块状黏土岩，YY3井，3 509.6 m，100 000×；c.有机质充填黏土矿物间，发育少量有机孔，富有机质块状含粉砂黏土岩，YY3井，3 514.8 m，120 000×；d.黏土矿物层间缝，富有机质纹层状含粉砂黏土岩，YY3井，3 515.1 m，3 000×；e.条带状有机质，见有机质收缩缝，富有机质纹层状含粉砂黏土岩，YY3井，3 561.7 m，8 000×；f.黏土矿物层间缝，富有机质条带状含粉砂黏土岩，YY2井，3 760.8 m，15 000×；g.矿物粒缘缝，富有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩，YY3井，3 570.2 m，20 000×；h.黄铁矿晶间孔内被有机质充填，其边缘见有机质收缩缝，富有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩，YY3井，3 568.2 m，28 000×；i.条状有机质，发育少量有机孔，富有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩，YY3井，3 562.7 m，15 000×。
Figure 8. Microscopic characteristics of reservoir space types in different lithofacies of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of second member of Qianfoya Formation in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
图 9 四川盆地元坝地区YY3井千佛崖组二段细粒沉积岩有利层段位置
Figure 9. Favorable positions of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of second member of Qianfoya Formation of well YY3 in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
表 1 四川盆地元坝地区千佛崖组二段细粒沉积岩主要矿物质量分数
Table 1. Contents of main substances of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of second member of Qianfoya Formation in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
% 物质组分 含量区间 平均值 黏土矿物 29~66.6 50.3 伊蒙混层 18~54 42.6 伊利石 15~43 33.7 绿泥石 11~26 17.4 高岭石 2~35 6.4 石英 11.4~57.4 37.4 斜长石 2.3~22.2 6.5 钾长石 0.1~0.5 0.2 方解石 0~17.8 1.6 白云石 0.1~2.5 0.6 菱铁矿 0.3~3.1 0.9 黄铁矿 0.1~4.2 0.8 有机质 0.4~3.1 1.6 
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表 2 四川盆地元坝地区千二段细粒沉积岩岩相类型划分
Table 2. Lithofacies division of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of second member of Qianfoya Formation in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
岩石类型 矿物组分 沉积构造 ω(TOC)/% 岩相综合命名 薄片数量/块 占比/% 黏土岩 黏土矿物含量大于50% 块状构造 ≥1.5 富有机质块状黏土岩 17 11.8 1~＜1.5 含有机质块状黏土岩 3 2.1 纹层状构造 ≥1.5 富有机质纹层状黏土岩 4 2.8 长英质矿物含量介于10%~25%之间，黏土矿物含量大于50% 块状构造 ≥1.5 富有机质块状含粉砂黏土岩 20 13.9 ＜1.0 贫有机质块状含粉砂黏土岩 6 4.2 纹层状构造 ≥1.5 富有机质纹层状含粉砂黏土岩 15 10.4 条带状构造 ≥1.5 富有机质条带状含粉砂黏土岩 12 8.3 长英质矿物含量介于25%~50%之间，黏土矿物含量大于50% 块状构造 ≥1.5 富有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩 14 9.7 1~＜1.5 含有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩 9 6.3 ＜1.0 贫有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩 6 4.2 纹层状构造 ≥1.5 富有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩 15 10.4 1~＜1.5 含有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩 4 2.8 ＜1.0 贫有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩 4 2.8 粉砂岩 黏土矿物含量介于25%~50%之间，长英质矿物含量大于50% 条带状构造 ＜1.0 贫有机质条带状黏土质粉砂岩 7 4.9 长英质矿物含量大于50% 块状构造 ＜1.0 贫有机质块状粉砂岩 8 5.5
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表 3 四川盆地元坝地区千佛崖组二段细粒沉积岩储集空间类型及特征
Table 3. Types and characteristics of reservoir space of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of second member of Qianfoya Formation in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
储集空间类型 孔径 形态特征 无机孔 晶间孔 40~774 nm，大者几微米 片状、平行线状及多边形 溶蚀孔 30~500 nm 圆形、菱形等不规则形 有机孔 有机质孔 0.5~45 nm 圆形、椭圆形、不规则形 裂缝 黏土矿物层间缝 长约38~827 μm，宽约2 μm 以狭缝形为主，延伸较广 层理缝 长度主要为毫米至厘米级，宽度在1.1~12 nm范围内 呈断续状分布，具有弯曲、分叉、尖灭等特征
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表 4 四川盆地元坝地区千佛崖组二段细粒沉积岩主要岩相类型孔隙度与渗透率统计
Table 4. Statistics of porosity and permeability of main lithofacies of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of second member of Qianfoya Formation in Yuanba area, Sichuan Basin
岩相类型 孔隙度/% 渗透率/10-3μm2 富有机质块状黏土岩 0.7~3.9/1.8 0.001~0.026/0.012 富有机质块状含粉砂黏土岩 0.7~3.2/1.7 0.002~0.024/0.014 富有机质纹层状含粉砂黏土岩 1.0~4.1/2.2 0.011~0.029/0.019 富有机质条带状含粉砂黏土岩 1.0~2.2/1.6 0.008~0.030/0.018 富有机质块状粉砂质黏土岩 1.1~2.9/2.1 0.013~0.038/0.025 富有机质纹层状粉砂质黏土岩 1.4~5.1/2.6 0.010~0.107/0.045 注：表中数据为最小值~最大值/平均值。
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