Critical dynamic conditions for gas migration in tight sandstone
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摘要: 物理模拟是认识地下油气运移和聚集机理的重要方法和手段，为了更深入地认识深层条件下致密储层天然气运移的机理，以延安气田上古生界山西组致密砂岩气为例，设计了实验模型和边界条件。基于超低渗岩石多相渗流核磁共振在线模拟实验，探讨致密砂岩中天然气运移的临界压力、临界物性动力学条件，进而分析影响天然气运聚的控制因素。选取山西组不同砂岩类型包括石英净砂岩、富石英低塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩、富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩和富凝灰质杂基石英砂岩样品，代表不同孔渗分布区间的岩石相储层，进行了恒定低注入流量、不同流速(流量)和不同压差充注实验。结果表明，致密砂岩储层的临界充注压力主要受岩石相和渗透率控制，渗透率较高的优势岩石相具有更低的临界充注压力，石英净砂岩天然气临界注入压力一般小于1.2 MPa，即使是物性很差的富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩和富凝灰质杂基石英砂岩的天然气临界注入压力一般也小于1.5 MPa。同时，致密砂岩也没有绝对的天然气充注物性下限，但致密砂岩的充注效率、含气饱和度与储层物性，尤其是渗透率呈正相关，优势岩石相越发育、渗透率越高，充注效率和含气饱和度也越高。Abstract: Physical simulation serves as a crucial method for understanding the mechanisms of underground oil and gas migration and accumulation. To gain a deeper understanding of gas migration mechanisms in tight reservoirs under deep geological conditions, experimental models and boundary conditions were designed using the tight sandstone gas reservoirs of the Upper Paleozoic Shanxi Formation in the Yan'an Gas Field as a case study. Based on ultra-low permeability rock multiphase flow nuclear magnetic resonance online simulation experiments, the study investigated the critical pressure and dynamic conditions governing gas migration in tight sandstone, while also analyzing the factors influencing gas migration and accumulation. Different types of sandstones from the Shanxi Formation were selected, including quartz clean sandstone, quartz-rich low-plasticity particle detrital quartz sandstone, plastic particle-rich detrital sandstone, and tuffaceous matrix-rich quartz sandstone samples, representing reservoir rock facies with different porosity and permeability distributions. Experiments with constant low injection flow rates, different flow velocities (flow rates), and different pressure differences were conducted. The findings indicate that the critical charging pressure of tight sandstone reservoirs is primarily influenced by rock facies and permeability. Dominant rock facies with higher permeability exhibit lower critical charging pressures. For instance, the critical injection pressure of pure quartz sandstone gas typically falls below 1.2 MPa, while it generally remains below 1.5 MPa even for plastic-rich granular lithic sandstones and tuff-rich hybridquartz sandstones with inferior physical properties. Furthermore, there exists no absolute lower limit for the gas charging physical properties of tight sandstone. However, the charging efficiency and gas saturation of tight sandstone are positively correlated with reservoir physical properties, particularly permeability. The more developed the dominant rock facies and the higher the permeability, the higher the charging efficiency and gas saturation.
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图 1 高温高压多相渗流核磁共振在线模拟系统示意
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of NMR online simulation system for multiphase seepage with high temperature and high pressure
图 2 致密砂岩气充注过程中气体饱和度的测量示意
Figure 2. Measurement diagram of gas saturation during gas charging in tight sandstone
图 3 鄂尔多斯盆地延安气田山西组不同物性样品定流速下的驱替实验结果
Figure 3. Displacement test results of cores with different physical properties at a constant flow rate of Shanxi Formation, Yan'An Gas Field, Ordos Basin
图 4 鄂尔多斯盆地延安气田山西组贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩(样品Y46)不同流速系列运移实验结果
Figure 4. Results of series migration experiments at different flow rates of poor plastic granular quartz sandstone sample Y46 of Shanxi Formation, Yan'an Gas Field, Ordos Basin
图 5 鄂尔多斯盆地延安气田山西组石英净砂岩(样品Y64)不同压差系列运移实验结果
Figure 5. Results of series migration experiments with different pressure differences of quartz sandstone sample Y64 of Shanxi Formation, Yan'an Gas Field, Ordos Basin
图 6 鄂尔多斯盆地延安气田山西组不同物性系列临界充注压力与孔隙度、渗透率的关系
Figure 6. Relationship between critical charging pressure and porosity and permeability with different physical properties of Shanxi Formation, Yan'an Gas Field, Ordos Basin
图 7 鄂尔多斯盆地延安气田山西组不同物性砂岩含气饱和度与孔隙度(a)、渗透率(b)、充注压力(c)的关系
Figure 7. Relationship between gas saturation and porosity, permeability and charging pressure of sandstone with different physical properties of Shanxi Formation, Yan'an Gas Field, Ordos Basin
表 1 鄂尔多斯盆地延安气田山西组不同物性系列恒流速实验结果统计
Table 1. Statistics of series results of experiments with different physical properties at a constant flow rate of Shanxi Formation, Yan'an Gas Field, Ordos Basin
岩心编号 孔隙度/% 渗透率/10-3 μm2 岩石相 P临界/MPa P准稳定/MPa 饱和度(Sg)/% 驱替时间/min Y18 4.33 0.040 富凝灰质杂基石英砂岩 0.94 10.55 8.06 610 Y19 3.92 0.011 富凝灰质杂基石英砂岩 1.08 12.05 10.65 500 Y31 5.31 0.044 富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩 0.90 11.70 7.60 900 Y32 3.12 0.012 富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩 1.06 10.04 9.08 500 Y33 6.20 0.010 富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩 1.25 9.11 17.09 490 Y34 5.59 0.020 富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩 0.99 7.09 17.74 530 Y35 6.30 0.026 富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩 0.98 11.23 10.03 550 Y36 3.69 0.013 富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩 1.24 9.37 8.91 510 Y37 5.51 0.050 富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩 1.01 4.06 14.06 650 Y40 7.06 0.129 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 0.79 1.25 27.24 870 Y41 6.43 0.090 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 1.12 4.36 21.69 2 300 Y43 8.04 0.150 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 0.94 4.57 48.76 2 400 Y44 9.31 0.120 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 1.05 3.96 44.09 2 110 Y72 8.94 0.031 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 1.08 5.98 20.88 2 050 Y73 7.44 0.027 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 0.89 8.06 27.03 3 000 Y74 5.77 0.038 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 1.15 6.03 19.05 2 070 Y75 7.81 0.028 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 0.82 7.09 29.15 2 560 Y76 6.05 0.049 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 1.11 6.82 15.04 2 430 Y77 8.10 0.060 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 0.86 1.49 31.16 980 Y79 11.94 0.108 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 0.64 3.34 30.43 1 830 Y80 7.39 0.134 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 0.71 3.75 43.04 2 020 Y81 6.72 0.098 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 0.65 1.73 37.10 1 090 Y82 5.65 0.028 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 0.81 9.03 24.76 3 450 Y83 11.99 0.140 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 0.62 2.34 37.80 2 640 Y62 10.37 0.983 石英净砂岩 0.53 0.96 50.90 1 320 Y63 6.91 0.158 石英净砂岩 0.61 1.66 60.38 920 Y05 7.61 0.457 石英净砂岩 0.56 1.26 40.65 430 Y06 12.96 0.103 石英净砂岩 0.74 1.30 39.22 840 Y07 9.12 0.134 石英净砂岩 0.72 0.73 54.51 700 Y08 8.45 0.277 石英净砂岩 0.73 1.91 47.70 980 
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表 2 鄂尔多斯盆地延安气田山西组不同物性系列不同流速实验结果统计
Table 2. Statistics of results of series experiments with different physical properties at different flow rates of Shanxi Formation, Yan'An Gas Field, Ordos Basin
编号 孔隙度/% 渗透率/10-3 μm2 岩性 流速/(mL/min) P临界/MPa P准稳定/MPa 饱和度(Sg)/% 驱替时间/min Y45 8.11 0.09 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 0.5 0.76 1.61 24.34 420 1 0.77 3.74 29.98 360 2 0.75 8.34 39.08 300 Y46 7.60 0.12 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 0.5 0.64 1.07 27.30 1 740 1 0.64 2.26 32.60 1 450 2 0.63 7.30 42.20 1 320 Y09 9.07 0.44 石英净砂岩 0.5 0.63 0.97 46.88 760 1 0.58 1.73 59.04 510 2 0.65 3.04 69.43 450 Y38 6.08 0.05 富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩 0.5 1.09 4.39 20.33 920 1 1.21 9.14 23.43 720 2 1.14 14.33 28.03 960 Y10 9.52 0.51 石英净砂岩 0.5 0.45 1.33 39.08 540 1 0.47 3.65 47.88 510 2 0.48 5.06 55.05 420
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表 3 鄂尔多斯盆地延安气田山西组不同物性系列不同压差实验结果统计
Table 3. Statistics of results of series experiments with different physical properties and pressure differences of Shanxi Formation, Yan'an Gas Field, Ordos Basin
编号 孔隙度/% 渗透率/10-3 μm2 岩石相 压差/MPa 饱和度(Sg)/% Y64 8.07 0.55 石英净砂岩 1 24.90 3 33.50 6 38.70 9 43.90 Y39 5.70 0.05 富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩 1 9.40 3 13.16 6 13.78 9 14.01 Y42 7.81 0.12 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 1 20.87 3 29.64 6 30.03 9 32.08 Y78 6.92 0.32 贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩 1 23.33 3 29.40 6 32.56 9 34.03
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