Influence of sedimentary microfacies on the rock mechanics of ultra-deep reservoirs and its application: a case study of the Cretaceous formation in the BZ gas field of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
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摘要: 为了优选塔里木盆地库车坳陷白垩系超深致密砂岩储层单井天然裂缝发育的甜点层段，利用露头、岩石薄片、成像测井等资料系统分析了BZ气田不同沉积微相的储层岩石力学性质差异，并结合相关露头中不同沉积微相的几何参数模型，提出了一种优化储层岩石力学参数模型的方法，提高了井筒周围(＜200 m)天然裂缝预测精度。研究结果表明：(1) BZ气田白垩系巴什基奇克组三段不同沉积微相、相同微相不同位置的储层中，岩石组构和岩石组合(包括碎屑含量、杂基含量、粒度分选、砂地比和砂泥岩组合等)具有差异，从而影响了储层的泊松比和杨氏模量，不同微相储层具有不同的岩石力学参数。(2)不同沉积微相砂体的裂缝发育程度有所差异，扇三角洲前缘水下分支河道砂岩的裂缝最发育，比扇三角洲前缘支流间湾微相及扇三角洲平原分支河道微相更容易形成裂缝。(3)进一步根据露头中沉积微相几何参数，建立不同微相的三维模型，即可建立和优化井筒周围的沉积微相模型及岩石力学参数模型，并应用到井筒周围的裂缝预测中。Abstract: To optimize the identification of sweet spots with natural fracture development in ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoirs of Cretaceous in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, this study systematically analyzed the differences in rock mechanical properties across various sedimentary microfacies in the BZ gas field. Utilizing data from outcrops, rock slices, imaging logging, and other sources, a method for optimizing the rock mechanics parameter model of reservoirs was proposed, which enhanced the prediction accuracy of natural fractures within 200 m around the wellbore. Key findings of the research include: (1) In the third member of the Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in the BZ gas field, different sedimentary microfacies and the same microfacies at different positions had differences in rock composition and rock assemblages (including debris content, matrix content, grain size sorting, sand-to-mud ratio, and sand-mudstone combinations). These variations affected the reservoir's Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus, and different microfacies had different rock mechanical parameters. (2) The extent of fracture development differed across various sedimentary microfacies of sand bodies. Fractures were most developed in the underwater distributary channel sandstones at the fan delta front, making them more prone to fracturing compared to the interdistributary bay microfacies and distributary channel microfacies on the delta plain. (3) By further establishing three-dimensional models of different microfacies based on geometric parameters derived from outcrops, it would be feasible to optimize sedimentary microfacies models and rock mechanical parameter models around the wellbore, thereby facilitating more accurate fracture prediction.
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图 1 塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏构造带BZ气田构造位置及白垩系特征
a.库车坳陷区域构造；b.克拉苏构造带区域构造；c.BZ气田区域构造；d.BZ地区白垩系柱状图。
Figure 1. Structural location of BZ gas field in Kelasu structural belt of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, and characteristics of Cretaceous
图 2 塔里木盆地库车坳陷BZ气田BZ6-BZ3-BZ103-BZ101井连井对比剖面
Figure 2. Correlation profile of wells BZ6, BZ3, BZ103, and BZ101 in BZ gas field, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 3 塔里木盆地库车坳陷BZ气田白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩微观特征
a.中细粒岩屑长石砂岩，分选较好，杂基较少，BZ3井，5 977.54 m；b.不等粒长石岩屑砂岩，分选差，杂基多，BZ6井，4 482.53 m；c.中粒岩屑长石砂岩，分选好，杂基少，BZ101井，6 917.81 m；d.不等粒岩屑长石砂岩，分选较差，杂基较少，BZ103井，7 217.21 m；e.紫红色细砂岩, 发育高角度缝, 半充填—未充填，缝长4 cm，缝宽0.1 mm，BZ101井，6 918.25 m；f.紫红色细砂岩，发育紫红色泥砾, BZ101, 6 917.99 m。
Figure 3. Micro-features of sandstones in Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in BZ gas field, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 4 塔里木盆地库车坳陷BZ气田白垩系裂缝成像测井特征
a.静态电成像测井解释，7条裂缝，BZ3井，5 973~5 979 m；b.动静态电成像测井解释，5条裂缝，BZ6井，4 548~4 558 m；c.动静态电成像测井解释，10条裂缝，BZ101井，6 941~6 945 m；d.动静态电成像测井解释，2条裂缝，BZ103井，7 206~7 214 m。
Figure 4. Fracture imaging logging characteristics of Cretaceous in BZ gas field, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 5 塔里木盆地库车坳陷BZ气田BZ6－BZ3－BZ103－BZ101井裂缝发育程度对比
Figure 5. Comparison of fracture development in wells BZ6, BZ3, BZ103, and BZ101 in BZ gas field, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 6 基于沉积微相模型优化后的沉积微相及岩石力学参数模型
a.BZ6井近井筒范围内的沉积微相模型栅状图，宽和长都是500 m，下同；b.BZ6井近井筒范围内的杨氏模量模型栅状图；c.BZ6井近井筒范围内的泊松比模型栅状图；d.BZ6井近井筒范围内的孔隙度模型栅状图。
Figure 6. Optimized sedimentary microfacies and rock mechanical parameter models based on sedimentary microfacies models
图 7 离散裂缝网络建模后得到的近井筒范围裂缝模型
a.BZ6井近井筒范围内的沉积微相模型与裂缝分布剖面图；b.BZ3井近井筒范围内的沉积微相模型与裂缝分布剖面图；c.BZ6井近井筒范围内沉积微相模型与裂缝分布平面图，宽、长为500 m；d.BZ3井近井筒范围内沉积微相模型与裂缝分布平面图，宽、长为500 m。
Figure 7. Near wellbore fracture model obtained from discrete fracture network modeling
表 1 塔里木盆地库车坳陷BZ气田各井白垩系巴什基奇克组岩性、物性及岩石力学性质参数
Table 1. Lithology, physical properties, and rock mechanical property parameters of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in various wells in BZ gas field, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
相关参数 BZ3井 BZ6井 BZ101井 BZ103井 石英(相对含量)/% 50 40.5 52 35 长石(相对含量)/% 21.4 29.6 25 24.2 岩屑(相对含量)/% 28.6 29.5 23 40.6 杂基/% 3 13 4 15 粒径范围/mm 0.06~0.135 0.03~1.67 0.03~0.8 0.02~0.6 分选程度 中等—好 差—中等 较好 中等—好 孔隙度/% 5.85 0.03 0.6 渗透率/(10-3 μm2) 0.23 3.51 泊松比 0.23 0.27 0.23 0.29 杨氏模量/MPa 31 000 25 981 31 500 26 848 抗压强度/MPa 107 90.7 100.77 
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表 2 塔里木盆地库车坳陷北部索罕村露头单砂体规模参数统计
Table 2. Parameters of single sandbody scale of Suohan Village outcrop in northern Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
沉积微相 宽度/m 厚度/m 宽度与厚度比 水下分流河道 18~39 1~3.6 7~70 水下分流河道中、边部 20~68 3.2~5.7 4~95 河口坝 26~48 0.5~2 24~52 远砂坝 24 0.6 40
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