Disturbance characteristics of in-situ stress field within ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoirs in thrust-nappe structures: a case study from Cretaceous reservoirs in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
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摘要: 塔里木盆地库车坳陷博孜—大北地区白垩系致密砂岩储层在由北向南的逆冲推覆下，发育了一系列大规模的北倾断层和叠瓦状堆叠的褶皱构造。复杂的构造形貌致使该区地应力复杂多变，储层改造效果差异明显。因此，亟需厘清研究区内复杂构造对地应力的扰动特征。结合多种方法对单井现今地应力的精确解释，分别分析断裂、褶皱和断褶复合构造对地应力的扰动效果，明确了相关扰动机理，并绘制了研究区地应力扰动特征分区图。基于扰动特征，绘制了不同构造的地应力扰动特征模式图，并提出井位、井轨迹建议。断裂对地应力有卸载作用，断裂附近水平主应力梯度出现不同程度的降低，其中最大水平主应力梯度降低约0.3 MPa/hm；近EW走向的断裂使得近SN向的区域应力方向发生顺时针偏转，偏转角度最大达60°；不同规模断裂的扰动范围为断距的60%。当地层曲率超过0.4 km-1时，褶皱对地应力存在扰动，褶皱地层上部张性扰动区地应力较区域应力减小，下部挤压扰动区地应力增加；张性扰动区最大水平主应力梯度最大约降低0.3 MPa/hm，地应力方向逆时针偏转，偏转角度最大达70°；褶皱变形曲率越大，张性扰动区厚度越大，扰动越明显。断褶复合构造下，断裂扰动区和褶皱张性扰动区叠加会使得地应力进一步减小，地应力方向在两者扰动效果抵消后较区域应力偏转较小或不偏转。综合考虑储层改造难易程度和致密气富集特征，应优先于断褶复合构造带断裂和褶皱张性扰动叠合区部署钻井，建议钻深不超过褶皱中性面，水平井轨迹沿EW向设计。Abstract: A series of large-scale north-dipping faults and imbricate folding structures have developed in the Cretaceous ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoirs in Bozi-Dabei area of Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin under the north-to-south thrust-nappe movement in this area. This complex structural morphology results in highly variable in-situ stress fields, leading to significant differences in reservoir modification effectiveness. Therefore, it is urgent to clarify the disturbance characteristics of the in-situ stress caused by the complex structures in the study area. In this study, multiple methods were combined for the accurate interpretation of the current in-situ stress of a single well. The disturbance effects of faults, folds, and fault-fold composite structures on the in-situ stress were analyzed separately. The relevant disturbance mechanisms were identified, and a zoning map of the disturbance characte-ristics of the in-situ stress for the study area was presented. Based on these disturbance characteristics, models of in-situ stress disturbance for different structures, as well as recommendations for well deployment and trajectory, were proposed. Faults exhibit an unloading effect on the in-situ stress, leading to varying degrees of reduction in the horizontal principal stress gradient near the faults, with the maximum reduced by about 0.3 MPa/hm. Near EW-oriented faults, the regional stress direction near SN exhibits a clockwise deflection, with the maximum deflection angle reaching 60°. The disturbance range of faults with different scales is approximately 60% of the fault throw. A disturbance of the in-situ stress appears when the strata curvature exceeds 0.4 km-1. The in-situ stress is lower than the regional stress in the upper tensile disturbance zone of the folded strata, while it increases in the lower compressive disturbance zone. In the tensile disturbance zone, the maximum decrease in the horizontal principal stress gradient is approximately 0.3 MPa/hm, with the stress direction deflecting counterclockwise, reaching a maximum deflection angle of 70°. The greater the fold deformation curvature, the thicker the tensile disturbance zone, and the more significant the disturbance. Under fault-fold composite structures, the superposition of fault disturbance zones and fold tensile disturbance zones further reduces the magnitude of the in-situ stress. After offsetting the disturbance effects of both, the in-situ stress direction deviates less or does not deviate at all from the regional stress. Considering the difficulty of reservoir modification and the characteristics of tight gas enrichment, drilling should be prioritized in the overlapping areas of faults and fold tensile disturbance zones within the fault-fold composite structure zone. It is recommended that the drilling depth should not exceed the neutral plane of the folds, and the horizontal well trajectory should be designed along the EW direction.
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图 1 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区构造地理位置及岩性柱状图
据参考文献[18]修改。
Figure 1. Structural location and lithology column of Bozi-Dabei area in Tarim Basin
图 2 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区A6-A13井地震剖面
据参考文献[3]修改。
Figure 2. Seismic profile of wells A6 to A13 in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 3 水力压裂曲线关键节点示意图(a)和B12-5井水力压裂曲线(b)
a图据参考文献[24]。
Figure 3. Key points on hydraulic fracturing curves (a) and a case of well B12-5 (b)
图 4 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区A103JS井声发射测试结果
Figure 4. Acoustic emission test results of well A103JS in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 5 井壁崩落法的应力多边形二次约束示意图(a)及B901井应用实例(b、c)
a图据参考文献[27]，NF、RF、SS分别表示正断层、逆断层和走滑断层；Sv为垂向应力。
Figure 5. Stress polygon quadratic constraint of wellbore collapse method (a) and a case of well B901 (b、c)
图 6 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区A101井测井解释综合柱状图
Figure 6. Comprehensive logging interpretation histograms of well A101 in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 7 诱导缝、井壁崩落原理以及A3井成像测井响应
a图据参考文献[32]。
Figure 7. Principles of induced fractures and wellbore collapse and their imagining logging responses in well A3
图 8 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区A104-1井双井径解释结果
Figure 8. Interpretation results of dual-caliper logging for well A104-1 in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 9 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区A11井偶极横波各向异性解释结果
Figure 9. Interpretation results of dipole shear wave anisotropy for well A11 in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 10 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区现今地应力大小和方向
Figure 10. Magnitude and direction of current in-situ stress in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 11 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区A24井断裂上、下盘地应力方向对比
Figure 11. Comparison of in-situ stress direction of upper and lower plates of fractures in well A24 in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 12 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区A102井与A11井水力压裂曲线
Figure 12. Hydraulic fracturing curves of wells A102 and A11 in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 13 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区不同规模断裂对地应力方向、大小扰动统计
Figure 13. Statistics of disturbance in the direction and magnitude of in-situ stress by different scale faults in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 14 褶皱变形派生应力示意图
Figure 14. Schematic diagram of derived stresses of a fold deformation
图 15 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区B903井与B9井最大主应力梯度纵向分布
Figure 15. Longitudinal distribution of maximum principal stress gradient of wells B903 and B9 in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 16 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区褶皱变形区地层曲率与地应力方向、大小交会图
Figure 16. Intersection diagram of fold curvature and the direction and magnitude of in-situ stress in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 17 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区褶皱张性扰动区厚度与曲率交会图
Figure 17. Intersection diagram of fold tensile disturbance zone thickness and fold curvature in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 18 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区A9井与A901井最大水平主应力对比
Figure 18. Comparison of the maximum horizontal principal stress of wells A9 and A901 in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
图 19 塔里木盆地博孜—大北地区地应力扰动特征分区
Figure 19. Zoning map of disturbance characteristics of in-situ stress in Bozi-Dabei area, Tarim Basin
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