多薄层致密砂岩储层大型水力压裂三维物理模拟实验

房茂军; 杜旭林; 白玉湖; 李昊; 张浩; 朱海燕

doi:10.11781/sysydz202404786

多薄层致密砂岩储层大型水力压裂三维物理模拟实验

doi: 10.11781/sysydz202404786

房茂军^{1, 2,},
杜旭林^{1, 2, ,},
白玉湖^{1, 2},
李昊^{1, 2},
张浩^{1, 2},
朱海燕³

1.
中海油研究总院有限责任公司非常规研究院, 北京 100028
2.
中海石油(中国)有限公司北京研究中心, 北京 100028
3.
成都理工大学 “油气藏地质及开发工程”国家重点实验室, 成都 610059

基金项目:

中海油(有限)科技项目十四五重点攻关课题“多薄层致密气藏开发关键技术” KJGG2022-1004

详细信息

作者简介:
房茂军(1980—), 男, 硕士, 高级工程师, 从事非常规油气田开发综合研究。E-mail: fangmj@cnooc.com.cn

通讯作者:
杜旭林(1992—), 男, 博士, 从事非常规油气渗流、计算岩石力学研究。E-mail: duxl11@cnooc.com.cn

中图分类号: TE135
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-02-29
- 修回日期: 2024-06-26
- 刊出日期: 2024-07-28

Three-dimensional physical simulation experiments on large-scale hydraulic fracturing in multi-thin interbedded tight sandstone reservoirs

FANG Maojun^{1, 2
,},
DU Xulin^{1, 2
, ,},
BAI Yuhu^{1, 2},
LI Hao^{1, 2},
ZHANG Hao^{1, 2},
ZHU Haiyan³

1.
Unconventional Research Department, CNOOC Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100028, China
2.
Beijing Research Center, CNOOC (China) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100028, China
3.
State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China

摘要

摘要: 鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘临兴气田以多薄互层型致密砂岩储层为主，储层岩性复杂、渗透率低，受多种因素影响且作用机理不明确，导致压裂施工难度大、效果差异大。为此，针对临兴气田致密砂岩储层不同岩石组分、黏土含量、粒径、沉积旋回、平面及纵向非均质性等特性，设计并开展了不同地质条件下的水力压裂室内大型三维物理模拟实验。根据相似准则，参照二叠系石盒子组三向地应力、岩石强度、井身结构参数、现场压裂施工参数，确定了实验基本参数。根据临兴气田典型井主力储层特征，制作了考虑不同岩石组分、黏土含量、粒径、沉积旋回组合、平面非均质性组合、纵向非均质性组合的15块立方体岩心，开展了15组压裂模拟实验，并从分析注入压力曲线和观察岩样破裂面两个方面总结了影响水力压裂缝扩展规律的储层主控因素。研究表明，岩石矿物和粒径、沉积旋回、平面及纵向非均质性对致密储层裂缝扩展形态有显著影响。砂岩粒度较大、胶结较弱、黏土含量较高、平面非均质性较强，使得裂缝面更易于屈曲，扩展压力增大，导致加砂困难；沉积旋回会使得水力压裂缝易于沿旋回层面扩展，从而形成水平缝，其中反旋回界面突破难度比正旋回大；由于砂—泥层间界面、砂—煤层间界面、天然砂岩弱面易被激活，从而产生“工”或“T”字形裂缝，对于砂泥多薄互层还会产生“工”+“T”+“十”字形的组合裂缝。实验研究揭示了不同地质条件下的水力压裂缝扩展形态，也为类似区块的研究提供了借鉴。
- 致密气 /
- 多薄层 /
- 水力压裂 /
- 裂缝形态 /
- 物理模拟实验 /
- 临兴气田 /
- 鄂尔多斯盆地
Abstract: The Linxing gas field on the northeastern edge of Ordos Basin is mainly composed of multi-thin interbedded tight sandstone reservoirs. These reservoirs feature complex lithologies and low permeability, and are affected by multiple factors with unclear mechanisms, leading to difficulties in hydraulic fracturing operations and significant variability in operation outcomes. Therefore, this study designed and conducted a series of large-scale three-dimensional (3D) physical simulation experiments of hydraulic fracturing under different geological conditions, focusing on different rock components, clay contents, particle sizes, sedimentary cycles, and planar and longitudinal heterogeneities of the tight sandstone reservoirs in the Linxing gas field. According to the similarity criteria, the basic parameters of the experiments were determined by referencing the triaxial geostress, rock strength, wellbore structural parameters, and on-site fracturing operational parameters of the Permian Shihezi Formation. Based on the characteristics of the main reservoirs in typical wells of the Linxing gas field, 15 cubic rock cores were produced to account for different rock components, clay contents, particle sizes, sedimentary cycle combinations, and planar and longitudinal heterogeneity combinations. Fifteen sets of hydraulic fracturing simulation experiments were conducted, and the main controlling factors affecting the propagation of hydraulic fractures were summarized by analyzing the injection pressure curves and observing the fracture surfaces of rock samples. The results indicate that rock minerals, particle sizes, sedimentary cycles, and planar and longitudinal heterogeneities have a significant impact on fracture propagation patterns in tight reservoirs. The fracture surfaces are more prone to buckling with larger sandstone particle sizes, weaker cementation, higher clay content, and stronger planar heterogeneity, increasing the expansion pressure and difficulty in sand addition. Sedimentary cycles facilitate hydraulic fractures to propagate along the cycle planes, resulting in horizontal fractures. The difficulty of breaking through in retrograde cycle interfaces is greater than in prograde cycles. Interfaces between sand and mud layers, sand and coal layers, and natural weak sandstone surfaces are easily activated, leading to "工" or "T" shaped fractures. A combination of "工", "T", and "十" shaped fractures may occur in sand-mud multi-thin interlayers. This experimental study reveals the propagation patterns of hydraulic fractures under different geological conditions, providing insights for research in similar blocks.
- tight gas /
- multi-thin layers /
- hydraulic fracturing /
- fracture pattern /
- physical simulation experiment /
- Linxing gas field /
- Ordos Basin
注释:

利益冲突声明/Conflict of Interests

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

作者贡献/Authors’Contributions

房茂军、李昊、朱海燕参与实验设计；朱海燕团队完成实验操作；杜旭林、张浩参与论文写作和修改；房茂军、白玉湖指导论文写作。所有作者均阅读并同意最终稿件的提交。

The experiment was designed by FANG Maojun, LI Hao, and ZHU Haiyan. The experimental operation was completed by the group led by ZHU Haiyan. The manuscript was drafted and revised by DU Xulin and ZHANG Hao. The manuscript writing was guided by FANG Maojun and BAI Yuhu. All authors have read the last version of the paper and consented to its submission.

HTML全文

图 1 水力压裂三维物理模拟实验系统示意图

Figure 1. Diagram of three-dimensional physical simulation system for hydraulic fracturing

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图 2 水力压裂三维物理模拟实验系统主要设备实物照片

Figure 2. Photos of main equipments for three-dimensional physical simulation experiments on hydraulic fracturing

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图 3 水力压裂三维物理模拟实验系统中两种井筒实物图

Figure 3. Photos of two types of wellbores in three-dimensional physical simulation experiments for hydraulic fracturing

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图 4 天然岩样采集和加工流程示意图

Figure 4. Workflow of natural rock sample collection and processing

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图 5 人工模拟岩心制作流程示意图

Figure 5. Diagram of production process of artificial simulated rock cores

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图 6 不同岩石组分、黏土含量、粒径、沉积旋回组合制样方案示意图

Figure 6. Diagram of sample preparation plans for different rock components, clay contents, particle sizes, and sedimentary cycle combinations

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图 7 不同平面非均质性组合制样方案示意图

Figure 7. Diagram of sample preparation plans for different planar heterogeneity combinations

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图 8 不同纵向非均质性组合制样方案示意图

Figure 8. Diagram of sample preparation plans for different longitudinal heterogeneity combinations

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图 9 不同纵向非均质性组合制样实物图

Figure 9. Photos of sample preparation for different longitudinal heterogeneity combinations

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图 10 不同岩石组分、黏土含量、粒径、沉积旋回组合实验注入压力曲线

Figure 10. Injection pressure curves for experiments with different rock components, clay contents, particle sizes, and sedimentary cycle combinations

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图 11 不同岩石组分、黏土含量、粒径、沉积旋回组合实验岩样压裂结果

Figure 11. Fracturing results of rock samples after experiments with different rock components, clay contents, particle sizes, and sedimentary cycle combinations

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图 12 不同平面非均质性组合实验注入压力曲线

Figure 12. Injection pressure curves for experiments with different planar heterogeneity combinations

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图 13 不同平面非均质性组合实验岩样压裂结果

Figure 13. Fracturing results of rock samples after experiments with different planar heterogeneity combinations

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图 14 不同纵向非均质性组合实验注入压力曲线

Figure 14. Injection pressure curves for experiments with different longitudinal heterogeneity combinations

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图 15 不同纵向非均质性组合实验岩样压裂结果

Figure 15. Fracturing results of rock samples after experiments with different longitudinal heterogeneity combinations

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表 1 水力压裂三维物理模拟实验参数与现场参数对比

Table 1. Comparison between parameters in three-dimensional physical simulation experiments for hydraulic fracturing and on-site parameters

几何参数	现场实验参数范围	现场实验参考值	室内实验参数
井筒直径/mm	215.9	215.9	18
射孔直径/mm	20~30	20	2
X方向地应力/MPa	25~36	28	14
Y方向地应力/MPa	35~39	36	18
Z方向地应力/MPa	40~44	42	21
破裂压力/MPa	30~34	31	30
压裂排量/(m³/min)	3~5	3	1×10^-5

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表 2 考虑不同岩石组分和沉积旋回实验分组

Table 2. Experimental grouping considering different rock components and sedimentary cycles

组号	岩石组分	主要粒度设置	备注
1-1	中砂60%、细粉砂10%、水泥30%	恒定中值粒度为375 μm	中砂标准组
1-2	粗砂60%、细粉砂10%、水泥30%	恒定中值粒度为710 μm	粗砂标准组
1-3	细砂30%、细粉砂10%、水泥30%、黏土30%	恒定中值粒度为160 μm	泥岩组
1-4	中砂60%、细粉砂10%、水泥20%、黏土10%	恒定中值粒度为375 μm	中砂加黏土组
1-5	底层：粗砂60%、黏土0%，从下到上渐变至细砂30%，黏土30%(每层均含细粉砂10%、水泥30%)	从下到上由710 μm渐变至160 μm	正旋回组
1-6	底层：细砂30%，黏土30%，从下到上渐变至粗砂60%、黏土0%(每层均含细粉砂10%、水泥30%)	从下到上由160 μm渐变至710 μm	反旋回组

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表 3 考虑不同非均质性平面组合实验分组

Table 3. Experimental grouping considering different planar heterogeneous combinations

组号	岩性变化	渗透性变化	备注
2-1	泥—砂—泥	低—高—低	盒2段某水平井
2-2	砂—泥—砂	高—低—高	盒4段某水平井
2-3	标准组	标准组	均质对照

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表 4 考虑不同纵向非均质性组合实验分组

Table 4. Experimental grouping considering different longitudinal heterogeneity combinations

组号	从上到下地层岩性	各层厚比例设置	备注
3-1	泥—砂—泥	单砂体	下石盒子组盒6段
3-2	泥—砂—泥	单砂体	上石盒子组盒4段
3-3	煤—砂—煤	单砂体上下含煤板	太原组太2段
3-4	砂—泥—砂—泥—砂	砂泥交互多层	太原组太1段
3-5	砂—砂—砂	弱胶结面	均质对照
3-6	天然露头砂岩	含薄弱面、粒间弱胶结	均质对照

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