Factors affecting the mechanical properties of tight sandstone and their patterns of variation in Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation of Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin
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摘要: 为查明塔里木盆地库车坳陷白垩系巴什基奇克组致密砂岩力学特性，结合深层—超深层油气勘探开发的现场问题，采用三轴压缩实验定量研究了围压、流体和加载速率影响岩石力学性质变化的规律，并初步分析其原因。研究结果表明，砂岩试样最大主应力差、弹性模量均随着围压的增大而显著增大，其微观原因在于围压增大使岩石内部质点彼此之间距离缩短，增强了岩石的内聚力，颗粒之间不易离散；砂岩试样经历低围压脆性→脆—韧性转换→高围压韧性变形破裂演化的过程。与干燥砂岩试样相比，纯净水浸泡样、150 g/L溶液浸泡样、250 g/L溶液浸泡样和350 g/L溶液浸泡样弹性模量降低幅度分别为67.71%、61.45%、64.69%和57.32%，纯净水浸泡造成的降低幅度最大，流体矿化度的升高能够减弱岩石力学参数弱化的趋势；晶体表面结晶和双电层厚度变化是上述变化规律的重要控制因素。在较低的加载速率条件时，砂岩试样的最大主应力差、弹性模量和泊松比的值都较小，但随着加载速率的增大增速较快；当加载速率达到一定关键数值之后(本次实验为0.05 mm/min左右)，岩石力学参数值增速变缓。Abstract: To clarify the mechanical characteristics of tight sandstone in the Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation of Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin, and address field issues in deep and ultra-deep oil and gas exploration and development, triaxial compression experiments were used to quantitatively study the patterns of changes in rock mechanical properties influenced by confining pressure, fluid, and loading rate, with a preliminary analysis of their causes. The results showed that the maximum principal stress difference and elastic modulus of the sandstone samples increased significantly with confining pressure. The micro-reason was that the increase in confining pressure reduced the distance between particles inside the rock, enhancing the rock's cohesion and making particle dispersion less likely. Sandstone samples exhibited a progression from brittleness under low confining pressure to brittle-ductile transformation, and to ductile deformation under high confining pressure. Compared with dry sandstone samples, the reduction in the elastic modulus of samples soaked in pure water, 150 g/L solution, 250 g/L solution, and 350 g/L solution were 67.71%, 61.45%, 64.69%, and 57.32%, respectively, with pure water soaking causing the greatest reduction. Increasing fluid salinity could mitigate the weakening trend in rock mechanical parameters. Crystallization on crystal surfaces and changes in the electric double layer thickness were important controlling factors for these patterns. At lower loading rates, the values for maximum principal stress difference, elastic modulus, and Poisson's ratio of the sandstone samples were smaller, but they increased faster with increasing loading rates. When the loading rate reached a certain critical value (around 0.05 mm/min in this experiment), the rate of increase in rock mechanical parameters slowed down.
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Key words:
- mechanical properties of rock /
- loading rate /
- fluid type /
- Bashijiqike Formation /
- Cretaceous /
- Kuqa Depression /
- Tarim Basin
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图 1 塔里木盆地库车坳陷构造单元划分与典型地质剖面
.寒武系, O.奥陶系, S—D.志留系—泥盆系, C.石炭系, P.二叠系, T.三叠系, J.侏罗系, K.白垩系, E1-2Km.库姆格列木群, E2-3s.苏维依组, N1j.吉迪克组, N1-2k.康村组, N2k.库车组, Q1x.西域组。
Figure 1. Division of structural units and typical geological sections in Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin
图 2 塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏构造带构造特征
Figure 2. Structural features of Kelasu structural belt in Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin
图 3 塔里木盆地库车坳陷下白垩统巴西改组—巴什基奇克组典型地层柱状图
Figure 3. Typical strata section of Lower Cretaceous Baxigai Formation and Bashijiqike Formation in Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
图 4 围压影响岩石力学性质变化规律
a.主应力差—应变曲线；b.最大主应力差随围压变化规律；c.弹性模量随围压变化规律；d.泊松比随围压变化规律。
Figure 4. Variation chart showing the effect of confining pressure on mechanical properties of rock
图 5 围压影响岩石差异破裂样式照片
Figure 5. Differential pattern of rock failure under the effect of confining pressure
图 6 流体影响岩石力学性质变化规律
a.主应力差—应变曲线；b.最大主应力差随流体类型变化规律；c.弹性模量随流体类型变化规律；d.泊松比随流体类型变化规律。
Figure 6. Variation chart showing the effect of fluid type on mechanical properties of rock
图 7 加载速率影响岩石力学性质变化规律
a.主应力差—应变曲线；b.最大主应力差随加载速率变化规律；c.弹性模量随加载速率变化规律；d.泊松比随加载速率变化规律。
Figure 7. Variation chart showing the effect of loading rate on mechanical properties of rock
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