Geomechanics modeling of ultra-deep fault-controlled carbonate reservoirs and its application in development
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摘要: 为提高超深断控碳酸盐岩油藏的开发效益，通过开展大尺寸岩样力学实验，揭示高角度—近直立断裂面变形与连通机理；基于高压注水提采的力学与流动耦合原理，通过地质力学建模，明确了断控碳酸盐岩油藏现今地应力场和断裂活动性分布规律；发现不同方位的断裂活动性以及不同部位的缝洞体连通性有明显差异，进而分析了不同井眼轨迹的开发效果，提出了地质工程一体化工作方法，科学指导井眼轨迹设计和注水方案优化。结果表明：①走滑断裂变形中的大尺度破碎体和高角度裂缝系统是影响储层品质的关键因素，高压注水一方面能够激活先存裂缝，一方面还能在先存裂缝基础上发生延伸扩展，甚至可以产生新的裂缝，促进了断控缝洞体在纵横向上的互相连通；②高压注水过程中断裂体内部发生力学与流动之间的耦合变化，渗流环境得到改善，通过循环举升，从而提高油气采收率；③根据断裂体形态、产状以及断裂面动态剪切变形连通性，可优选定向井最佳井点和井眼轨迹，并优化注水方案；④塔里木盆地断控油藏试验区通过高压注水，采收率提高5个百分点，该方法为超深断控型油藏高效开发提供了较好的理论依据和技术支撑。Abstract: To enhance the development efficiency of ultra-deep fault-controlled carbonate reservoirs, large-scale rock mechanical experiments were conducted to reveal the deformation and connectivity mechanisms of high-angle to near-vertical fault surfaces. Based on the mechanical and flow coupling principles of high-pressure water injection production, geomechanical modeling was employed to clarify the current in-situ stress field and fault activity distribution patterns in fault-controlled carbonate reservoirs. Significant differences were found in fault activities in different directions and in the connectivity of fracture and cavity bodies in different parts. The development effects of different wellbore trajectories were then analyzed, and an integrated geological and engineering working method was proposed to scientifically guide the design of wellbore trajectories and the optimization of water injection schemes. The results show: ① Large-scale fractured bodies and high-angle fracture systems in strike-slip fault deformation are key factors affecting reservoir quality. High-pressure water injection can activate existing fractures on one hand, and on the other hand, it can extend and expand based on existing fractures, even generating new fractures, promoting the interconnection of fault-controlled fracture and cavity bodies in both vertical and horizontal directions; ② During the high-pressure water injection process, coupling changes between mechanics and flow occur inside the fault body, improving the seepage environment, and increasing oil and gas recovery rate through cyclic lifting; ③ According to the shape and the occurrence of the fault body, and the dynamic shear deformation connectivity of the fault surface, the best well point and well trajectory for directional wells can be selected, and the water injection scheme can be optimized; ④ In the fault-controlled oil reservoir test area of Tarim Basin, the recovery rate was increased by 5% through high-pressure water injection. This method provides a good theoretical basis and technical support for the efficient development of ultra-deep fault-controlled reservoirs.
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图 1 塔里木盆地富满油田构造位置及断裂分布特征
Figure 1. Tectonic location and fracture distribution characteristics of Fuman oil field in Tarim Basin
图 2 大尺寸样品岩石力学实验方案和实验结果
a.样品准备，内置3条先存裂缝，采用棋盘式胶结；b.实验后样品图像，①为垂直裂缝面的视角照片，可见裂缝沿最大水平主应力方向扩展，人工裂缝被先存裂缝捕获，②为平行于裂缝面走向的视角照片，可见样品表面的裂缝呈雁列式分布，③和④为CT扫描后裂缝图像重构。
Figure 2. Experimental scheme and results of rock mechanics for large-size samples
图 3 断裂面进一步活动条件示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of further activity conditions on fracture plane
图 4 塔里木盆地富满油田富源210断裂带地质力学建模
Figure 4. Geomechanics modeling of Fuyuan 210 fracture zone in Fuman oil field of Tarim Basin
图 5 基于地质力学分析的井轨迹定量优化
Figure 5. Quantitative optimization of well trajectory based on geomechanics analysis
图 7 断控油藏注水开发方案设计流程
Figure 7. Design of water injection development scheme for fracture-controlled reservoirs
图 8 塔里木盆地富满油田富源210断裂带连通性评价
Figure 8. Connectivity evaluation of Fuyuan 210 fracture zone in Fuman oil field of Tarim Basin
图 9 走滑断裂带非均质地应力场分布及高压注水过程中的应力场动态变化
Figure 9. Distribution of non-homogeneous in-situ stress field in strike-slip fracture zone and dynamic changes of stress field during high-pressure water injection process
图 10 塔里木盆地富满油田富源210断裂带单元注水效果
Figure 10. Effect of water injection in Fuyuan 210 fracture zone unit of Fuman oil field in Tarim Basin
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