Occurrence characteristics and genesis mechanism of pyrobitumen in Sinian Dengying to Cambrian Longwangmiao reservoirs in central Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 川中地区震旦系灯影组—下寒武统龙王庙组储层内存在明显的热液活动痕迹，焦沥青也表现出热液蚀变的特征，然而很少有研究去探讨热液活动与天然气成藏演化的关系, 导致现今对灯影组油气成藏演化史的认识还存在明显不足。然而，热液对灯影组油气成藏的影响不可忽略，要正确认识灯影组天然气的成藏演化过程并识别勘探有利区，还需要对热液裂解气聚集成藏方面进行更深入的研究。基于对焦沥青的充填特征、光学纹理及结构特征的详细研究，结合热液矿物捕获的流体包裹体地球化学的研究方法，探讨了灯影组—龙王庙组储层内焦沥青的成因，分析了热液活动与原油裂解之间的关系。川中地区灯影组—龙王庙组焦沥青形成于热液活动期间，具有与中间相相同的光学各向异性特征。焦沥青可以划分为4种类型：细粒镶嵌型、中粒镶嵌型、粗粒镶嵌型及流线型，其形成温度过300 ℃，远超地层最大埋深温度，显示出热液成因的特征。热液活动发生于晚二叠世，与峨眉山地幔柱活动相关，热液流体温度超过300 ℃，导致了灯影组—龙王庙组储层内的原油裂解。研究发现热液活动将灯影组—龙王庙组古油藏内原油裂解的时间提前到了晚二叠世，打破了灯影组—龙王庙组现有的成藏模式，有助于对天然气成藏演化过程的重新认识和聚集有利区的识别。Abstract: Reservoirs in the Sinian Dengying (DY) to Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao (LWM) formations in the central Sichuan Basin exhibit evident hydrothermal activities with pyrobitumen showing signs of alterations caused by hydrothermal fluids. However, few studies have explored the relationship between hydrothermal fluid activity and the evolution of natural gas accumulation, resulting in a significant lack of understanding of oil and gas accumulation history in the DY Formation. The impact of hydrothermal fluids on oil and gas accumulation in the DY Formation is substantial, and a correct understanding of the natural gas accumulation process and the identification of favorable exploration areas in the DY Formation require further research into hydrothermal cracking gas accumulation. By examining the filling features, optical textures, and structural characteristics of pyrobitumen and conducting geochemical studies on fluid inclusions trapped by hydrothermal minerals, this study explored the genesis of pyrobitumen in the DY to LWM formations. The relationship between hydrothermal fluid activity and oil cracking was also analyzed. The the pyrobitumen in the DY to LWM formations in the central Sichuan Basin were formed during hydrothermal fluid activity, exhibiting the same optical anisotropy characteristics as the mesophase pyrobitumen. Pyrobitumen can be divided into four types: fine-grained mosaic, medium-grained mosaic, coarse-grained mosaic, and streamline types. Its formation temperature exceeded 300 ℃, far surpassing the maximum burial temperature of the strata, indicating its hydrothermal fluid-driven genesis. The hydrothermal fluid activity occurred during the Late Permian and was related to the Emeishan mantle plume. The temperature of the hydrothermal fluids exceeded 300 ℃, leading to crude oil cracking in reservoirs of the DY to LWM formations. This study found that hydrothermal fluid activity advanced the cracking time of crude oil in the paleo reservoirs of the DY to LWM formations to the Late Permian, disrupting the existing accumulation model and helping us re-understand the evolution process of gas reservoirs and identify favorable accumulation areas.
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图 2 川中地区震旦系灯影组—寒武系龙王庙组储层内焦沥青及热液矿物的充填特征
a.MX145井，5 585.58 m，灯四段，高角度裂隙块状焦沥青充填；b.MX145井，5 585.58 m，灯四段，溶孔见块状沥青充填；c.MX145井，5 658.84 m，灯四段，裂隙见块状沥青充填；d.MX145井，5 663.36 m，灯四段，溶孔见块状焦沥青充填；e.ZJ2井，6 547.22 m，灯二段，藻格架孔充填白云石和块状焦沥青；f.MX203井，4 777.58 m，龙王庙组，反射光，薄片状焦沥青附着于白云石晶面；g.GS7井，5 290.50 m，灯四段，扫描电镜，球状焦沥青充填于白云石晶间孔；h.GS7井，5 311.57 m，灯四段，扫描电镜，白云石晶间孔被块状焦沥青全充填；i.BD1井，6 405.33 m，扫描电镜，片状焦沥青附着于白云石晶面；j，k.GS20井，5 183.47 m，正交透射光，鞍形白云石具波状消光，晶间孔充填块状焦沥青；l.GS7井，5 293.19 m，灯四段，反射光，溶洞充填闪锌矿、焦沥青和方铅矿，闪锌矿中发育黄铁矿出溶体，方铅矿内见特殊的三角微孔；m.GS7井，5 290.50 m，灯四段，反射光，溶孔充填块状焦沥青，随后被闪锌矿全充填；n.GS7井，5 290.50 m，灯四段，反射光，溶孔边缘充填焦沥青，随后被块状闪锌矿全充填；o.GS7井，5 034.78 m，灯四段，反射光，溶孔充填焦沥青和块状闪锌矿，闪锌矿内发育黄铁矿出溶体。
Figure 2. Filling characteristics of pyrobitumen and hydrothermal minerals in reservoirs of Sinian Dengying to Cambrian Longwangmiao formations in central Sichuan Basin
图 3 川中地区震旦系灯影组—寒武系龙王庙组不同光学纹理焦沥青的反射光及扫描电镜照片
a-b.GS119井，5 587.47 m，灯四段，反射光，细粒镶嵌型焦沥青；c.MX205井，4 599.9 m，龙王庙组，反射光，中粒镶嵌型焦沥青；d.MX205井，4 642.48 m，龙王庙组，反射光，中粒镶嵌型焦沥青；e.GS129井，5 467.92 m，灯四段，反射光，粗粒镶嵌型焦沥青；f.GS10井，5 079.22 m，灯四段，反射光，粗粒镶嵌型焦沥青；g.MX145井，6 169.77 m，灯二段，反射光，焦沥青内尚未融并和已融并的中间相球体；h.MX9井，灯二段，反射光，流线型焦沥青，发育明暗交替的纹理；i.GS7井，5 274.11 m，反射光，流线型焦沥青，发育明暗交替的纹理；j.GS7井，5 311.57 m，灯四段，扫描电镜，流线型焦沥青内排列有序的芳香片层；k-l.GS7井，灯四段，扫描电镜，流线型焦沥青内排列有序的芳香片层。
Figure 3. Reflective light and scanning electron microscope images of pyrobitumen with differing optical textures in Sinian Dengying to Cambrian Longwangmiao formations in central Sichuan Basin
图 4 川中地区震旦系灯影组流线型焦沥青内亮带及暗带反射率
图中数值为焦沥青的平均反射率, 单位%。
Figure 4. Reflectance values of bright and dark bands in streamlined pyrobitumen in Sinian Dengying Formation, central Sichuan Basin
图 5 川中地区震旦系灯影组—寒武系龙王庙组热液矿物捕获的流体包裹体照片及均一温度
a-b.GS20井，5 255.13 m，鞍形白云石捕获的原生含气盐水包裹体，成群分布；c-d.GS20井，5 196.71 m，鞍形白云石捕获的原生含气盐水包裹体，成群分布。
Figure 5. Photos and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions trapped by hydrothermal minerals in Sinian Dengying to Cambrian Longwangmiao formations, central Sichuan Basin
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