Preservation mechanism of pores in middle and deep sandstone reservoirs of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
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摘要: 塔里木盆地库车坳陷南部斜坡带英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩储层物性好，油气勘探潜力大，但其非均质性强、油气分布规律不明。综合利用岩心观察、系列薄片(普通、铸体、阴极发光及包裹体)、扫描电镜、物性测试和X射线衍射等分析测试资料和成岩过程重建与物性恢复技术，分析英买力地区中深层巴什基奇克组砂岩储层的岩性与物性，探寻其孔隙特征与保存机制，划分储层类型和明确有利储层分布规律及控制因素。该砂岩主要为长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩，杂基含量较低，其成分和结构成熟度均中等；储层孔隙类型主要为残余原生孔隙，其次为次生孔隙，主要为粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔，为中高孔—中高渗储层。巴什基奇克组中深层砂岩原生孔隙得以保存主要在于其形成的沉积环境与经历的成岩和成储演化：首先砂岩形成于高水动力的辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道微相，不断叠置的河道形成了厚度较大且分布稳定的水道复合砂体，强水动力使得砂岩碎屑颗粒含量高、分选较好，为原生孔隙形成提供了物质基础；其次早期长期浅埋和后期快速深埋的埋藏演化方式使砂岩经历了较弱的压实作用改造，同时晚期深层超压作用大大增强了砂体抗压实能力，残余原生孔隙得以保存；最后坳陷不断降低的古地温梯度使得残余原生孔隙得以有效保存。Abstract: The sandstone reservoirs of the Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in the Yingmaili area on the southern slope of the Kuqa Depression within the Tarim Basin demonstrate favorable physical properties and considerable potential for oil and gas exploration. However, they are characterized by strong heterogeneity and unclear patterns of oil and gas distribution. In this study, the lithology and physical properties of the middle and deep reservoirs of the Bashijiqike Formation in the Yingmaili area were analyzed using core observation, a series of thin section analyses(standard, casting, cathodoluminescence, and inclusion thin sections), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), physical property testing, X-ray diffraction, and diagenesis reconstruction and physical property recovery techniques. It aims to explore the pore characteristics and preservation mechanisms, classify reservoir types, and clarify the distribution patterns and controlling factors of favorable reservoirs.The results show that the sandstone is mainly composed of feldspathic lithic sandstone and lithic feldspathic sandstone with low matrix content and medium maturity in both composition and structure. The primary pore type of the reservoir is residual primary pores, followed by secondary pores, including intergranular and intragranular dissolution pores, classifying the reservoir as a medium-to-high porosity and permeability type. The preservation of the primary pores in the middle and deep sandstones of the Bashijiqike Formation was mainly attributed to the depositional environment and subsequent diagenetic and reservoir evolution. The sandstone was initially formed in the microfacies of distributary channels at the front edge of a braided river delta with high hydrodynamics. The constantly overlapping channels formed thick and stable composite sand bodies. The strong hydrodynamics in the area led to high concentration and good sorting of sandstone clastic particles, providing the material basis for the formation of primary pores. The burial evolution process involved early long-term shallow burial and late-stage rapid deep burial, resulting in weak compaction transformation of the sandstone. Meanwhile, late-stage deep overpressure greatly enhanced the sand body's resistance to compaction, allowing for the preservation of residual primary pores. The continuously decreasing paleogeothermal gradient in the depression further contributed to the effective preservation of residual primary pores.
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图 1 塔里木盆地库车坳陷构造分区及地层综合柱状图
Figure 1. Tectonic zoning and comprehensive stratigraphic column of Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin
图 2 塔里木盆地英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组岩石成分三角图
Figure 2. Ternary diagrams of rock composition in Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
图 3 塔里木盆地英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组岩石类型及显微镜下孔隙特征
a.英买50井, 4 896 m，中、细砂岩，颗粒点接触为主，原生粒间孔; b.英买59井, 4 884.23 m, 颗粒完整，主要为细砂，点接触，原生粒间孔; c.英买32井，4 716.59 m，中粒岩屑长石砂岩，分选好，以中砂为主，少量细砂和粗砂，次棱—次圆状，点接触，不均匀原生粒间孔; d.英买46井, 5 147.1 m, 细粒长石岩屑砂岩，颗粒完整，主要为细砂，分选好，次棱状，点—线接触，泥质充填; e.英买461井, 5 194.38 m，细粒岩屑长石砂岩，分选好，次棱状，点接触，大部分粒间孔隙被褐色的沥青质充填; f.英买462井，5 195.9 m，细粒岩屑长石砂岩，分选好，次棱状，点—线接触，粒间孔隙发育; g.英买36井，4 975.26 m，不均匀粒间孔，局部长石颗粒溶蚀形成粒内溶孔; h.英买46井, 4 888.5 m，中细粒长石岩屑砂岩，不均匀粒间孔，颗粒略微定向排列; i.英买7井，5 109.97 m，粉细砂岩，两条构造缝，泥质微孔。均为单偏光照片。
Figure 3. Rock types and microscopic characteristics of pores in Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
图 4 塔里木盆地英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组岩心孔隙度及渗透率分布
Figure 4. Distribution of core porosity and permeability in Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
图 5 塔里木盆地英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩储层压实和胶结作用减孔率交会图
Figure 5. Cross plots of porosity reduction by compaction and cementation in sandstone reservoirs of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
图 6 塔里木盆地英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩胶结物显微特征
a.英买46井, 5 146.05 m, 细砂岩，不均匀方解石胶结物，蓝色为人工铸体，桔红色为染色方解石(下同)；b.英买462井, 4 975.1 m，细砂岩，红色为人工铸体；c.英买461井, 5 180.54 m，细砂岩，阴极发光片，方解石胶结物发黄色、橙红色光；d.英买44井，4 981.88 m，填隙物为白云石胶结物与泥质杂基，阴极发光片，泥质不发光，白云石发桔红色光；e.英买23井，4 659.98 m，蜂巢状伊蒙混层，SEM；f.英买23井, 4 655.26 m，粒间蠕虫状高岭石，粒表片状、丝状伊利石，SEM；g.英买462井, 4 978.58 m，中细砂岩，左边方沸石斑块状分布；h.英买468井，4 995.23 m，细砂岩，硬石膏在局部(右边)斑块状聚集，不均匀孔隙；i.英买461井，5 165.86 m，丝片状伊蒙混层，SEM；a-b、g-h为单偏光、铸体薄片。
Figure 6. Microscopic characteristics of cementation in sandstones of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
图 7 塔里木盆地英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩溶蚀作用显微特征图版
a.英买23井, 4 620.59 m, 细砂岩，长石和部分岩屑溶蚀，溶蚀扩大了原生孔隙；b.英买468井, 4 906.5 m, 细砂岩，长石、岩屑颗粒溶蚀明显，孔隙为溶蚀扩大粒间孔；c.英买461井，5 195.26 m，粒表片状、长条状的高岭石与伊利石和溶蚀孔，SEM；d.英买5井，4 732.5 m，中砂岩，长石溶蚀，SEM。
Figure 7. Microscopic characteristics of dissolution in sandstones of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
图 8 塔里木盆地英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩不同矿物组分与孔隙度、渗透率关系
Figure 8. Relationship between different mineral components and porosity, permeability in sandstones of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
图 9 塔里木盆地英买力地区巴什基奇克组埋藏过程及成岩作用模式示意
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of burial process and diagenetic model in Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
表 1 塔里木盆地英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组岩石成分
Table 1. Rock composition of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
井号 矿物含量/% 岩屑含量/% 石英 长石 沉积岩 变质岩 岩浆岩 英买7 $\frac{41 \sim 45}{42.6(19)}$ $\frac{17 \sim 21}{19.2(19)}$ $\frac{2 \sim 3}{2.5(19)}$ $\frac{18 \sim 22}{19.7(19)}$ $\frac{2 \sim 16}{14(19)}$ 英买9 $\frac{41 \sim 47}{43.8(27)}$ $\frac{21 \sim 25}{22.6(27)}$ $\frac{2 \sim 3}{2.3(25)}$ $\frac{16 \sim 18}{17(27)}$ $\frac{11 \sim 13}{11.8(27)}$ 英买46 $\frac{40 \sim 50}{43.9(16)}$ $\frac{20 \sim 30}{26.1(16)}$ $\frac{5 \sim 7}{6.4(16)}$ $\frac{8 \sim 12}{9.8(16)}$ $\frac{8 \sim 17}{12.4(16)}$ 英买462 $\frac{38 \sim 45}{40.2(16)}$ $\frac{34 \sim 40}{39.2(16)}$ $\frac{2 \sim 12}{4.6(16)}$ $\frac{7 \sim 10}{8.2(16)}$ $\frac{8 \sim 12}{10.0(16)}$ 英买32 $\frac{41 \sim 45}{43.0(25)}$ $\frac{18 \sim 22}{19.4(25)}$ $\frac{2 \sim 4}{3.0(24)}$ $\frac{18 \sim 21}{19.6(24)}$ $\frac{13 \sim 15}{14.1(24)}$ 英买50 $\frac{40 \sim 48}{44.5(20)}$ $\frac{29 \sim 33}{31.2(20)}$ $\frac{2 \sim 4}{3.4(18)}$ $\frac{9 \sim 12}{11.2(18)}$ $\frac{9 \sim 11}{9.8(18)}$ 注：表中分式意义为$\frac{{最小值\sim最大值}}{{平均值(样品数)}}$。 
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表 2 塔里木盆地英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组填隙物成分
Table 2. Composition of interstitial fillings in Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
井位 样品数 杂基/% 胶结物/% 填隙物总量/% 胶结类型 方解石 含铁方解石 白云石 含铁白云石 方沸石 硬石膏 英买7 19 3.5 1.8 1.2 < 1 < 1 7.4 孔隙 英买9 27 2.1 3.1 2.1 < 1 3.5 10.2 孔隙 英买46 16 3.5 6.07 1.1 5.4 14.4 孔隙 英买462 16 4.6 1.6 2.2 3.5 12.0 薄膜—孔隙 英买32 25 2.5 4.2 3.2 < 1 < 1 < 1 1.2 11.0 孔隙
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表 3 塔里木盆地英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组储层孔隙类型及面孔率平均值统计
Table 3. Pore types and statistical summary of average pore area ratio of reservoirs in Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
井位 样品数/个 储集空间平均面孔率/% 总面孔率/% 孔径/mm 原生粒间孔 粒间溶孔 粒内溶孔 微孔隙 最大/主要孔径区间 英买7 17 6.7 2.5 0.5 0.1 9.8 0.1/0.01~0.06 英买9 25 4.8 1.8 0.3 0.2 7.3 0.1/0.01~0.06 英买32 23 4.3 1.1 0.4 0.6 6.5 0.05/0.01~0.05 英买105 11 4.9 2.0 0.9 < 0.1 7.8 0.1/0.02~0.075 英买462 16 9.0 1.5 0.2 0.5 12.6 0.3/0.05~0.2
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表 4 塔里木盆地英买力地区白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩云母含量与孔隙度、渗透率关系
Table 4. Relationship between mica content and porosity, permeability in sandstones of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
云母含量/% 样品数 平均孔隙度/% 平均渗透率/10-3μm2 < 1 91 18.11 304.56 1 16 13.66 6.51 2 10 14.61 9.37 3 6 14.54 8.69 >3 1
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表 5 塔里木盆地英买力地区白垩系地层压力及地层温度统计
Table 5. Statistics of formation pressure and temperature in Cretaceous of Yingmaili area, Tarim Basin
井号 层位 深度/m 地层压力/MPa 地层温度/℃ 压力系数 英买46 K1bs 5 150.50~5 156.00 55.33 114.8 1.344 英买50 K1bs 4 817.48 48.33 115.0 1.198 英买463 K1bx 5 097.00~5 101.00 53.86 111.5 1.377 英买468 K1bx 4 995.50~4 997.50 54.89 114.7 1.276
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