Characteristics and main controlling factors of Chang 7 shale oil in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
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摘要: 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7页岩段具有埋深浅、油质轻、油井产能变化大、资源潜力大的特点，明确油藏的富集主控因素是进行高效勘探的关键。根据富县地区长7页岩段铸体薄片、物性、扫描电镜等测试分析结果，结合岩心、测井、地震等资料，对该区长7段地层特征进行了研究，并对其主控因素展开讨论。研究区长7段广泛发育灰色—深灰色—灰黑色烃源岩，其岩性为泥岩和泥页岩，有机质类型主要为Ⅰ—Ⅱ2型，源岩的镜质体反射率(Ro)值为0.81%~1.1%，生烃能力强。砂岩储层以细粒长石砂岩为主，孔隙类型以粒内孔、残余粒间孔、溶蚀孔隙和原生粒间孔为主；储层致密，孔隙度主要分布在2.0%~16.0%之间，渗透率主要分布在(0.01~1.20)×10-3 μm2之间。砂岩夹层的物性以及距离断裂的远近影响储层的含油性：储层粒度越粗、物性越好，含油气性也越好。储层物性受控于两方面因素：一是沉积微相，水下分流河道微相物性最好，河口坝微相次之；二是成岩作用，早成岩期绿泥石强胶结及方解石弱胶结有助于物性甜点的形成。断层的发育和断层性质对富县地区长7页岩油的富集至关重要。统计发现，当断层断距超过10 m且井筒距断裂在1 km以内时，难以获得工业油流；当断距小于7 m且井筒距离大断裂超过1 km以上时，容易获得工业油流。Abstract: The shale in the 7th member (Chang 7) of Triassic Yanchang Formation on the southeastern margin of the Ordos Basin is characterized by shallow burial depth, light oil quality, large variability in oil well production capacity, and significant resource potential. Identifying the main controlling factors of reservoir enrichment is key to efficient exploration. Based on analysis results of cast thin sections, physical properties, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests of the Chang 7 shale member in the Fuxian area, combined with core, well logging, and seismic data, its layer characteristics are described and the main controlling factors are discussed. The results show that the Chang 7 shale in the research area extensively develops gray, dark gray, and gray black source rocks. The lithology is mainly mudstone and mud shale, with organic matter types mainly classified as type Ⅰ-Ⅱ2. The vitrinite reflectance (Ro) values of source rocks range from 0.81% to 1.10%, indicating strong hydrocarbon generation potential. The sandstone reservoirs are mainly fine-grained feldspathic sandstone, with pore types primarily consisting of intragranular pores, residual intergranular pores, dissolution pores, and primary intergranular pores. Porosity ranges from 2.0% to 16.0%, and permeability ranges from 0.01×10-3 to 1.20×10-3 μm2, indicating tight reservoirs. The oil-bearing properties of the reservoir are impacted by the physical properties of the sandstone interlayers and proximity to faults: coarser-grained reservoirs with better physical properties exhibit better oil and gas bearing potential. Reservoir properties are controlled by two factors, sedimentary microfacies and diagenesis. Subaqueous distributary channel microfacies have the best properties, followed by mouth bar microfacies. Strong early diagenetic chlorite cementation and weak calcite cementation contribute to the formation of sweet spots in the physical properties. The development and nature of faults play a crucial role in the Chang 7 shale oil enrichment. Statistical analysis shows that it is difficult to obtain industrial oil flow when the fault displacement exceeds 10 m and the wellbore is within 1 km of the fault. However, when the fault displacement is less than 7 m or when the wellbore is more than 1 km away from a large fault, industrial oil flow is more easily obtained.
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图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长72亚段沉积相平面分布
Figure 1. Planar characteristics of sedimentary facies in Chang 72 sub-member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin
图 2 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系长7段油页岩发育位置(a-c)及其干酪根类型(d)
Figure 2. Development locations (a-c) and kerogen type diagram (d) of oil-bearing shale in Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
图 3 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7段烃源岩主要评价参数
Figure 3. Main evaluation parameters of source rocks in Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
图 4 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7泥页岩厚度平面展布
Figure 4. Planar distribution of mud shale thickness in Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
图 5 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7段储层岩石特征
Figure 5. Characteristics of reservoir rocks of Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
图 6 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7段砂岩储层孔渗关系
Figure 6. Porosity vs. permeability of sandstone reservoirs of Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
图 7 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7段砂岩储层中的孔隙特征
a.原生孔隙，主要由长石、石英等脆性矿物围成，边缘光滑，孔径较大，往往可至数百微米(图中长度约为150 μm)；b.左图为长石溶孔，右图为次生钠长石充填，孔隙丰富；c.左为伊利石发育次生孔，右为绿泥石发育次生孔，在扫描电镜下可以观察到黏土矿物聚合体中有大量粒内孔；d.绿泥石膜，光学显微镜下(左)，绿泥石膜因遭受沥青质浸染呈原生孔隙的黑褐色或黑色环边，电子显微镜下(右)，在骨架颗粒相互接触的位置，可以观察到零星分布着平行于颗粒表面的绿泥石晶体，由颗粒相互接触的位置向孔隙方向，则转化为绿泥石膜垂直生长在颗粒表面。
Figure 7. Pore characteristics in sandstone reservoirs of Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
图 8 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7段不同沉积微相条件下的物性条件对比
Figure 8. Comparison of physical properties under different sedimentary microfacies conditions of Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
图 9 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7段油藏岩性与含油性图版
Figure 9. Lithology and oil-bearing properties of the reservoir of Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
图 10 多尺度CT扫描下不同含油级别细砂岩矿物成分对比
Figure 10. Comparison of mineral composition in fine-grained sandstone of different oil-bearing grades under multi-scale CT scanning
图 11 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区R203井三叠系延长组长7砂岩甜点段分析结果
Figure 11. Results from sweet spot section of sandstones of Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in well R203, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
图 12 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区中生界断裂解释剖面
红色虚线为燕山期断裂，蓝色虚线为喜马拉雅期断裂；剖面位置见图 4。
Figure 12. Interpretation of Mesozoic fault profiles in Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
图 13 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区
FY1H井水平段裂缝发育程度与全烃关系
Figure 13. Relationship between fracture development degree and total hydrocarbon content in horizontal section of well FY1H in Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
表 1 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7段夹层型页岩油特征对比[14]
Table 1. Comparison of interlayer-type shale oil characteristics in Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin
项目 页岩油类型 重力流夹层型 三角洲前缘夹层型 岩性组合 半深湖—深湖泥页岩夹薄层砂岩 三角洲前缘泥夹厚层砂岩 砂地比/% >20(一般 < 30) 一般 < 30 单砂体厚度/m < 5 5~10 代表区块 庆城油田 新安边油田、志靖—安塞地区 主要发育层位 长71亚段、长72亚段 长71亚段、长72亚段 
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表 2 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7段岩相识别指标体系
Table 2. Lithofacies identification index system for Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
岩相划分 特征描述 层位分布 微相 细砂岩岩相 块状细砂岩岩相 块状细砂岩，多见水平缝发育 长71亚段下部
长72亚段上部水下分流河道 层理状细砂岩岩相 块状、平行、波状层理灰色细砂岩互层，间夹平行或波状泥质纹层 长71亚段下部
长72亚段上部混合岩相 层理细砂岩—泥岩薄交互岩相 块状/波状层理细砂岩与波状层理粉砂岩及粉砂质泥岩薄互层 长71亚段中部
长72亚段中部河口坝、分流间湾 层理粉砂岩—泥质粉砂岩夹薄层泥岩岩相 波状层理粉砂岩与波状泥质粉砂岩夹深灰色水平层理泥岩，或波状层理泥质粉砂岩夹水平层理泥岩 长71亚段上部
长72亚段中部前三角洲泥、远砂坝 水平层理泥岩—粉砂质泥岩岩相 水平层理含粉砂质泥岩、水平层理泥岩夹波状层理泥质粉砂岩 长71亚段中部
长72亚段下部
长73亚段下部分流间湾、半深湖 页岩岩相 纹层状页岩岩相 黑色纹层状页岩 长73亚段中、上部 深湖 水平层理页岩岩相 黑色水平层理页岩 长73亚段中、上部 半深湖
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表 3 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7段不同岩性对应的物性与含油性条件对比
Table 3. Comparison of physical and oil-bearing properties of different lithologies of Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
参数 样品岩性 细砂岩(52件) 粉砂岩(8件) 粉砂质泥岩(4件) 泥页岩(6件) 孔隙度/% $ \frac{3.5 \sim 11.8}{7.5}$ $ \frac{1.5 \sim 5.2}{3.9}$ $ \frac{2.7 \sim 3.6}{3.2}$ $ \frac{1.5 \sim 2.9}{2.2}$ 渗透率/10-3μm2 $ \frac{0.007 \sim 0.654}{0.13}$ $ \frac{0.0005 \sim 0.015}{0.003}$ $ \frac{0.0004 \sim 0.002}{0.0008}\frac{0.0004 \sim 0.002}{0.0008}$ $ \frac{0.007 \sim 0.682}{0.261}$ 含油级别 油迹—油斑 荧光 注：表中分式意义为$ \frac{\text { 最小值~最大值 }}{\text { 平均值 }}$。
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表 4 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区三叠系延长组长7段试油试采井与断裂关系
Table 4. Relationship between trial production wells in Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation and faults in Fuxian area, Ordos Basin
井号 试油成果 储层厚度 距断裂距离/m 断裂发育时期 断距/m 油/(m3/d) 水/(m3/d) LH13 1.43 0.03 12 1 600 喜马拉雅期 4 LH16 0 5.8 10.5 680 燕山期 13 LH20 0.25 2.4 25 750/1 300 喜马拉雅期 8 LH26 0 5.8 15.3 2 200 燕山期 9 LH29 0.9 3.9 13.5 120 喜马拉雅期 5 LH38 0 2.1 12.5 250/780 燕山期 9 LH39 0 6.5 11.2 280 燕山期 15 LH504 0 13.6 16.3 1 600 喜马拉雅期 8 LH9 0.24 4.68 15 1 500 燕山期 6 XF8 0.08 0.62 7.3 1 750 喜马拉雅期 9 ZF17 2.24 11.7 16 470 喜马拉雅期 3
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