Glutenite reservoir characteristics and development model of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
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摘要: 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩具有较大的油气勘探潜力，目前存在的砂砾岩储层特征以及成储机制不清晰等问题，严重制约了对该类储层的勘探。利用显微薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等对准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷上乌尔禾组砂砾岩储层特征、主控因素以及成储模式进行了系统研究。结果表明：上乌尔禾组砂砾岩具有“双填隙物”特征，砾石间主要被较粗的砂质组分填隙，胶结作用主要发生于砂质组分之间；砂砾岩孔隙度低，砾石中基本不发育孔隙，砂质填隙物中孔隙较发育，储集空间主要为晶间孔和次生溶孔；与储层形成有关的成岩演化现象主要发生在砾石之间的粗填隙物砂质组分中，主要为铝硅酸盐矿物的溶蚀作用，形成较多的溶蚀孔隙；河口坝、水下分流河道等高能沉积微相中储层更发育，储集空间主要与长石溶蚀有关，裂缝、不整合面是酸性流体运移的主要通道；早成岩期酸性流体主要为沿不整合面下渗的大气水，尤其是靠近北三台凸起的区域大气淡水溶蚀更为显著，中成岩期主要为有机酸溶蚀；砂砾岩中发育大气酸溶蚀型、有机酸溶蚀型和双源酸叠加溶蚀型等3类储层，不同类型储层分布决定了阜康凹陷上乌尔禾组砂砾岩油气藏的勘探方向，斜坡区、凹陷区的砂砾岩+断裂发育叠合区是阜康凹陷上乌尔禾组砂砾岩油气勘探的重点方向。Abstract: The glutenites in the Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in the Fukang Sag of the Junggar Basin possess great potential for oil and gas exploration. However, uncertainties in the reservoir characteristics and formation mechanisms of these glutenites seriously restrict their effective exploration. The study provides a compre- hensive analysis on the characteristics, main controlling factors, and development models of glutenite reservoirs of the Upper Wuerhe Formation in the Fukang Sag of the Junggar Basin using microscopic thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that: (1) Two types of interstitial materials are observed in the glutenites of the Upper Wuerhe Formation, where the spaces between gravels are primarily interstitially filled with coarser sandy components, and the cementation mainly occurs between these sandy components. (2) The glutenites generally exhibit low porosity, with minimal pore development within gravels, while the pores in sandy interstitial materials are more developed. The reservoir space is mainly composed of intercrystalline and secondary dissolution pores. (3) Diagenetic processes related to reservoir formation mainly occur within the coarse sandy interstitial materials between gravels, mainly involving aluminosilicate dissolution, which results in abundant dissolution pores. (4) In high-energy sedimentary microfacies, such as estuary bars and underwater distributary channels, reservoirs are more favorably developed, where the reservoir space is mainly associated with feldspar dissolution. Fractures and unconformities are the main channels for acidic fluid migration. (5) During the eodiagenesis, acidic fluids, mainly atmospheric water, infiltrated along unconformities, with more significant dissolution near the Beisantai arch. During the middle diagenetic period, dissolution was mainly attributed to organic acid. (6) Three types of reservoirs are developed in the glutenites: atmospheric acid dissolution reservoirs, organic acid dissolution reservoirs, and dual-source acid superimposed dissolution reservoirs. The distribution of these reservoir types determines the exploration strategies for oil and gas reservoirs of glutenites of the Upper Wuerhe Formation in the Fukang Sag of the Junggar Basin. Glutenites in the slope and sag areas and zones of superimposed fault development are the key objectives for oil and gas exploration of glutenite reservoirs of the Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag.
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Key words:
- glutenite reservoir /
- reservoir development model /
- Upper Wuerhe Formation /
- Permian /
- Fukang Sag /
- Junggar Basin
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图 1 准噶尔盆地构造区划简图(a)、阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组顶界构造等值线(b)及阜康凹陷中、上二叠统地层柱状图(c)
Figure 1. Simplified map of structural zoning in Junggar Basin (a), structural contour map of top boundary of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag (b), and stratigraphic column of Middle and Upper Permian in Fukang Sag (c)
图 2 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩储层岩石学特征
a.砾石中岩浆岩组分相对含量；b.砾石磨圆度；c.砾石照片，F50井，4 296.05 m，P3w；d.砾石间砂质组分中填隙物组成。
Figure 2. Petrological characteristics of glutenite reservoirs of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
图 3 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组成岩特征
a.砾石间自生高岭石，F47井，5 124.15 m，PPL(平面偏振光)；b.粒间紧密充填高岭石，F48井，4 538.09 m，SEM(扫描电镜)；c.砾岩中的裂缝与粒间溶蚀，F47井，5 130.17 m，PPL；d.砂质砾岩粒间胶结方解石，F48井，4 534.2 m，PPL；e.砂质砾岩粒间胶结方解石，F48井，4 534.2 m，XPL(正交偏光)；f.粗砂质砾岩中沸石溶蚀残余(黄色箭头)及其外围方解石(红色箭头)，F47井，5 111.2 m，PPL。
Figure 3. Diagenetic characteristics of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
图 4 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩砾石间砂质组分储集空间类型
Figure 4. Types of reservoir space within sandy components between gravels of glutenites of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
图 5 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩砾石间砂质组分储集空间类型
a.含砂细砾岩中的铸膜孔及充填高岭石，F47井，5 124.15 m，PPL；b.砾质粗砂岩中粒间浊沸石溶孔，F47井，5 111.20 m，PPL；c.砂质细砾岩砾石间砂质组分中的纳米级微孔，F53井，5 628.62 m，SEM(氩离子抛光)；d.c图红框区域放大，长石的纳米级微孔十分发育。
Figure 5. Types of reservoir space within sandy components among gravels of glutenites of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
图 6 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩毛细管压力曲线
Figure 6. Capillary pressure curves of glutenites of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
图 7 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩物性特征
Figure 7. Physical properties of glutenites of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
图 8 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩粒度、沉积微相与物性关系
Figure 8. Relationship between particle size, sedimentary microfacies, and physical properties of glutenites of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
图 9 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩溶蚀作用特征
a.砂质细—中砾岩粒间浊沸石溶孔，F50井，4 189.4 m，PPL；b：粒间浊沸石溶孔，孔隙壁发育绿泥石衬里，砂质细—中砾岩，F50井，4 189.4 m，PPL；c.含砂细砾岩中长石粒内溶孔，阜43井，3 135.41 m(单偏光)；d.粗砂质砾岩中的沸石溶蚀(单偏光)，阜47井，5 111.2 m(单偏光)。
Figure 9. Characteristics of dissolution processes of glutenites of Upper Permian Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
图 10 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩黏土矿物、裂缝与物性关系
Figure 10. Relationship between clay minerals, fractures, and physical properties of glutenites of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
图 11 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩示底构造
Figure 11. Base structure of glutenites of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
图 12 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷P/T不整合面上下地层中砂岩、(砂)砾岩孔隙度变化
孔隙度为测井解释孔隙度；图中虚线为P/T不整合面。
Figure 12. Porosity variation in sandstones and (sandy) glutenites above and below the P/T unconformity surface in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
图 13 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩储层发育模式
Figure 13. Development models of glutenite reservoirs of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
表 1 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷二叠系上乌尔禾组砂砾岩全岩XRD数据
Table 1. Whole-rock X-ray diffraction (XRD) data of glutenites of Permian Upper Wuerhe Formation in Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
井号 粒度/mm 深度/m 岩性 孔隙度/% 矿物组成/% 石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 黄铁矿 石膏 硬石膏 菱铁矿 方沸石 浊沸石 伊利石 高岭石 绿泥石 F47 >2 5 112.00 含砾中—粗砂岩 6.79 56.2 3.9 18.2 0.8 0 0 0.8 0 0 6.4 0.4 0 13.3 F47 < 2 41.5 0.9 19.4 1.3 0 0 2.0 0 0 14.8 0.8 0 19.3 F47 >2 5 134.55 砂质中—细砾岩 6.89 54.8 6.4 26.4 0 0.8 0 0.7 0.5 0 2.3 0.3 0.7 7.1 F47 < 2 49.3 3.5 16.1 1.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 9.8 1.3 2.1 15.9 F48 >2 4 535.00 含砾细—中砂岩 4.95 49.9 0 31 3.7 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 1.1 0 14.0 F48 < 2 49.9 0 20.1 11.7 0 0 0.6 0 0.9 0 2.0 2.4 12.4 F48 >2 4 535.55 含砾中—粗砂岩 6.98 58.6 0 28.1 0.3 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 1.4 1.7 9.0 F48 < 2 49.2 0.7 29.3 1.2 0 1 0.8 0 0 0 0.4 2.0 15.4 F48 >2 4 443.18 含砾中—粗砂岩 2.97 59.3 0 18.4 3.7 0 0 0.9 0 0.6 2 2.6 0.5 12.0 F48 < 2 57.6 0 18.6 9.4 0 0 1.5 0 1.0 0 1.2 0.8 9.9 F50 >2 4 180.00 含砾中砂岩 6.34 51.2 0 27 0 0 1 1.6 0 0.5 0 4.5 0.2 14.0 F50 < 2 56.7 0 27.6 2.6 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 6.3 0.5 5.9 KT5 >2 5 972.84 含砾砂岩 4.16 60.0 0 25.2 0 0 0 0.9 0 1.0 0 4.7 0.6 7.6 KT5 < 2 52.6 0 28.4 1.0 0 0 1.0 0 0.1 0 5.6 1.0 10.3 KT5 >2 5 973.18 含砾细—中砂岩 2.65 50.0 0 32.6 1.0 0 0 0.9 0 0.6 0 2.5 1.4 11.0 KT5 < 2 58.1 0 31.9 0.9 0 0 0.7 0 0.7 0 1.9 1.0 4.8 
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表 2 准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷上二叠统地层水离子类型及比值
Table 2. Types and ratios of formation water ions in Upper Permian of Fukang Sag, Junggar Basin
离子类型及比值 康探1井区 平均海水 平均河水 最大 最小 均值 Cl- / (mg/L) 19 959 13 453 16 310 18 980 3 Na++K+/ (mg/L) 3 820 3 742 3 781 10 940 6 Ca2+/ (mg/L) 4 593 4 652 4 623 400 15 Mg2+/ (mg/L) 0 0 0 1272 4 SO42-/ (mg/L) 93 78 86 2560 11 CO32-+ HCO3-/ (mg/L) 597 597 597 142 59 矿化度/ (g/L) 33.36 22.46 27.31 34.40 0.098 rNa+/rCl- 0.23 0.58 2.00 rSO42-×100/rCl- 0.53 13.49 366.67 r(CO32-+HCO3-)/rCl- 0.04 0.01 19.67 注：平均海水、平均河水数据分别引自参考文献[29]和[30]；离子比值采用摩尔比。
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