Reassessment of exploration directions of continental shale oil in Lower Jurassic Da'anzhai Member in northern Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 川北地区下侏罗统大安寨段是四川盆地产油主力层系之一。近年来，随着非常规勘探理论的发展，开始转变思路针对大安寨段页岩储层开展勘探，川北地区陆相页岩油勘探方向的认识得到提高。基于LY1及YY2等页岩油探井的岩心、实验、钻井、压裂等资料，对其油气形成条件、资源潜力、工程地质条件等3个方面进行了再认识。研究表明：(1)阆中大安寨段二亚段页岩具备良好的资源基础和形成条件，勘探潜力巨大。大二亚段主要发育页岩、介壳灰岩、页岩夹介壳灰岩3种岩性，页岩烃源品质较好，整体处于中成熟—高成熟阶段，生烃强度为(20~90)×104 t/km2，滞留烃量占总生烃量的66%~78%，页岩油资源量为3.26×108 t；(2)研究区大二亚段页岩样品的裂缝网络不发育，具有渗流条件差、可钻性和可压性条件差的特征，基质型页岩油具有原油黏度大、含蜡量高的特征，页岩样品渗流条件和页岩油流动性之间的耦合配置关系是目的层高产的关键；(3)在目前基质型页岩勘探成效不佳的情况下，建议采用常规—非常规结合的勘探思路，对研究区页岩—灰岩互层型储层成藏体系进行研究，将优质页岩与裂缝—孔隙型灰岩的层段作为有利的勘探目标，通过地质—工程一体化研究方法，对可钻性、可压性及排采等方面的技术难题进行攻关，提升工程工艺水平。Abstract: The Da'anzhai Member of the Lower Jurassic in northern Sichuan Basin is one of the major oil-bearing formations in the basin. In recent years, with the development of unconventional exploration theories, exploration efforts have shifted towards the shale reservoirs in the Da'anzhai Member, enhancing the understanding of the exploration directions for continental shale oil in northern Sichuan. Based on the data from shale oil exploration wells LY1 and YY2, including core samples, experiments, drilling, and fracturing data, a reassessment of the oil and gas formation conditions, resource potential, and engineering geological conditions was conducted. The results indicate that: (1) The second submember of the Da'anzhai Member in Langzhong has a good resource base and formation conditions, indicating great exploration potential. The second submember mainly develops three lithologies: shale, shell limestone, and shale interbedded with shell limestone. The shale exhibits good hydro- carbon source quality and is generally in a middle to high-mature stage. Its hydrocarbon production intensity is (20-90)×104 t/km2, and the retained hydrocarbon accounts for 66% to 78% of the total hydrocarbon production, with a shale oil resource amounting to 3.26×108 t. (2) The shale samples from the second submember in the study area have poorly developed fracture networks, characterized by poor permeability conditions, difficult drilling and compressibility conditions. The matrix-type shale oil has high crude oil viscosity and high wax content. The coupling configuration relationship between the permeability of the shale samples and the fluidity of the shale oil is key to achieving high production in target layers. (3) Given the current poor production results in matrix-type shale exploration, it is recommended to adopt a combined conventional and unconventional exploration method to study the formation system of the shale and limestone interlayer reservoirs in the research area, considering high-quality shale and fracture-porosity type limestone as favorable exploration targets. Through the integration of geological and engineering research methods, efforts should be made to tackle technical challenges related to drillability, compressibility, and production, thereby improving engineering and technological levels.
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Key words:
- shale oil /
- resource potential /
- exploration direction /
- Da'anzhai Member /
- Lower Jurassic /
- northern Sichuan /
- Sichuan Basin
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图 1 川北地区构造分区(a)及LY1井下侏罗统大安寨段地层综合柱状图(b)
Figure 1. Tectonic zoning in northern Sichuan Basin (a) and comprehensive stratigraphic column of Da'anzhai Member of Lower Jurassic in well LY1 (b)
图 2 川北地区LY1井下侏罗统大安寨段二亚段典型岩性及岩性组合
Figure 2. Typical lithologies and lithological combinations of second submember of Da'anzhai Member of Lower Jurassic in well LY1, northern Sichuan Basin
图 3 川北地区下侏罗统大安寨段二亚段储集空间类型特征
a.黏土矿物层间孔、颗粒粒缘缝、矿物晶间孔、有机质孔发育，大部分孔缝见合金充注，连通性好，LY1井；b.介壳边缘发育缝隙，顺层分布，局部有溶蚀，LY1井；c.黄铁矿晶间孔发育，LY1井；d.有机质内发育丰富孔隙，LY1井；e.有机质碎片内孔隙较为发育，LY1井；f.微米级不规则平缝及高角度缝断续相接，LY1井；g.不规则张性缝，切穿介壳，LY1井；h.沥青颗粒内发育纳米孔隙，YY2井；i.见黄铁矿化介壳、溶蚀作用强烈及高岭石化的介壳，YY2井；j.页岩样品发育纳米—毫米级的微裂缝，YY2井。
Figure 3. Characteristics of reservoir space types in second submember of Da'anzhai Member of Lower Jurassic in northern Sichuan Basin
图 4 川北地区下侏罗统大安寨段二亚段不同岩性储集特征
Figure 4. Reservoir characteristics of different lithologies in second submember of Da'anzhai Member of Lower Jurassic in northern Sichuan Basin
图 5 川北地区LY1井下侏罗统大安寨段二亚段录井含油气显示
Figure 5. Oil and gas display in logging of second submember of Da'anzhai Member of Lower Jurassic in well LY1, northern Sichuan Basin
图 6 川北地区下侏罗统大安寨段二亚段黏土矿物分布特征(a)和不同地区页岩油储层岩石样品岩相分类三角图(b)
Figure 6. Distribution characteristics of clay minerals in second submember of Da'anzhai Member of Lower Jurassic in northern Sichuan Basin (a) and lithofacies classification ternary diagram of rock samples from shale oil reservoirs in different regions (b)
图 7 川北地区支撑剂嵌入实验分析结果
Figure 7. Analysis results of proppant embedding experiments in northern Sichuan Basin
图 8 川北地区裂缝扩展模拟实验结果
Figure 8. Simulation results of fracture propagation experiments in northern Sichuan Basin
图 9 川北地区LY1井应力剖面图(a)和压裂缝缝长数值模拟结果(b)
Figure 9. Stress profile (a) and numerical simulation results of fracture length (b) in well LY1, northern Sichuan Basin
表 1 川北地区下侏罗统大安寨段二亚段岩石样品有机地球化学参数统计
Table 1. Statistics of organic geochemical parameters of rock samples from second submember of Da'anzhai Member of Lower Jurassic in northern Sichuan Basin
岩性 (S1+S2)/(mg/g) ω(TOC)/% IH /(mg/g) 采样井/样品数 有机地球化学特征 有机地球化学评价结论 页岩类 0.2~19.63/6.13 0.23~4.16/1.63 51~304/192.28 YY2井/15，LY1井/40 Pr/Ph为1.0~1.4，有机质成熟度Ro为0.9%~1.5%，有机质类型为Ⅱ2型 中等—好品质烃源岩，中成熟—高成熟阶段 页岩夹
介壳灰岩类0.3~17.08/5.13 0.26~4.19/1.47 51~268/179.95 YY2井/34，LY1井/51 介壳灰岩类 0.33~14.74/3.4 0.26~3.39/1.07 70~253/152.22 YY2井/3，LY1井/7 注：表中数据意义为最小值~最大值/平均值。 
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Table 2. Comparative analysis of shale oil formation conditions in different regions of China
区域 层位 岩性及岩性组合 w(TOC)/% 黏土矿物含量/% 孔隙度/% 孔隙半径/μm 孔喉半径/nm 裂缝特征 含油气性特征 吉木萨尔凹陷 芦草沟组 混积型 白云岩、粉细砂岩 0.15~16.8 5.2~51(15.97) 3.5~12.3 0.1~15 70~200 裂缝发育，但分布不均，多数裂缝被充填 大量可动油填充在储集空间，可动油占比较高 鄂尔多斯盆地 长7亚段 夹层型 页岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩 3.37~26.14 9.3~60.56(30.65) 0.7~15.86 2~8 20~120 裂缝发育，以未充填的构造裂缝为主，裂缝有效性好 有机质与页岩油伴生分布，气油比高、流动性好 沧东凹陷 孔二段 混积型 灰云岩、粉砂岩 0.2~10.12 10.12~55(13.91) 5~10 0.1~10 30~350 构造缝和层理缝最为发育 大量原油生成且富集于有机质网络中，原油黏度适中 济阳坳陷 沙河街组 混积型 灰质泥岩、泥质灰岩、泥质白云岩 0.1~4.8 14~45(17.4) 3.6~9.3 0.1~1 2~12 泥质、碳酸盐纹层呈现韵律互层，纹层密度2000~10 000层/m，微裂缝较为发育 具有泥生碳储特征，原油密度相对较小，游离油与吸附油共存，游离油为主 古龙地区 青一段 页岩型 长英质页岩 1.4~2.5 2~52(32.64) 0.5~14.2 0.01~0.03 4~7 宏观页理缝密度1 000~ 3 000条/m 页岩油在孔隙中呈繁星状均匀分布 川东地区 凉高山组 混积型 灰黑色页岩、含介壳页岩及粉砂岩 0.22~3.29 7.2~65.4(36.7) 1.27~10 0.1~10 20~300 暗色泥页岩页理缝密度10 ~50条/m，发育高角度构造裂缝 页岩油密度0.78 g/cm3、黏度8.18 mPa·s和含蜡量3.67%；优于川北大二亚段 川北地区 大二亚段 页岩型 黏土质页岩 0.14~3.71 37~62.5(51) 3~9.2 0.01~0.03 2~5 纹层欠发育，页理缝密度小于20条/m，以层状、块状为主，岩心可见页理 页岩油密度0.83 g/cm3、黏度24.2 mPa·s、含蜡量30.4%、沥青和胶质含量5.82%；具有高黏度、高含蜡、较高的沥青和胶质含量的特点，可动性差 注：表中数据含义为最小值~最大值(平均值)。
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