Evaluation method and application for in-situ stress in No. 8+9 coal seam, southern Shenfu block, northeastern margin of Ordos Basin
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摘要: 现今地应力方向和大小影响着煤层水力压裂缝的延伸，是煤层气井网部署、压裂设计的重要地质参数。合理评价煤层现今地应力方向和大小，对煤层气勘探开发具有重要意义。以鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘神府区块南部8+9号煤层现今地应力方向和大小为研究内容，基于阵列声波测井、微地震监测和成像测井，评价煤层及顶底板现今最大水平主应力方向；在注入—压降实测地应力参数约束下，确定煤层组合弹簧模型参数，并计算煤层现今地应力大小。结果显示，研究区东部8+9号煤层及顶底板现今最大水平主应力方向整体近NNE向，西部最大水平主应力方向可能受大量的压裂改造和不活动断层周围应力场扰动，发生不同方向偏转；20口井地应力测井计算结果显示，垂深1 902~2 181 m的8+9号煤层垂向主应力范围47~54 MPa，最小水平主应力范围35~44 MPa；最大水平主应力范围42~50 MPa，侧压系数小于1，表现为正断层地应力状态。研究区东部NNE向最大水平主应力方向是经历中新生代印支期SN向挤压、燕山期NNW向挤压和喜马拉雅期NNE向挤压的继承。考虑东部裂缝预测区叠加不同构造阶段平均NNW走向的天然裂缝的分布和NNE最大水平主应力方向正断层地应力状态下NNE向竖直压裂缝的延伸模式，以提高水平井大规模极限体积压裂产量为目标，建议在垂直现今NNE向最大水平主应力方向和垂直NNW向平均天然裂缝走向的水平井方位区间内，综合利用天然裂缝产能和人工压裂缝产能进行水平丛式井布井，并进一步对地应力方向和天然裂缝参数进行精细化表征，以指导施工压裂设计，提高煤层气产量。Abstract: The direction and magnitude of the present in-situ stress influence the propagation of hydraulic fractures in coal seams, making it a key geological parameter for coalbed methane (CBM) well network deployment and fracturing design. Accurate evaluation of the present in-situ stress direction and magnitude in coal seams is crucial for CBM exploration and development. This study focused on the direction and magnitude of the current in-situ stress in the No. 8+9 coal seam in the southern Shenfu block, northeastern margin of the Ordos Basin. Array acoustic logging, microseismic monitoring, and imaging logging were used to evaluate the direction of the present maximum horizontal principal stress in the coal seam and its roof and floor. Under constraints of the current in-situ stress magnitude from injection/falloff tests, parameters for the composite spring model were determined, and the current in-situ stress magnitude was further calculated. The results showed that the direction of the present maximum horizontal principal stress for the No. 8+9 coal seam and its roof and floor in the eastern part of the study area was nearly in the NNE orientation. In the western part, the directions of the maximum horizontal principal stress may deviate due to stress field disturbances around inactive faults and hydraulic fracturing activities. In 20 wells, calculations of the in-situ stress showed that the vertical principal stress in the No. 8+9 coal seam with a vertical depth of 1 902-2 181 m was 47-54 MPa. The minimum horizontal principal stress was 35-44 MPa, and the maximum was 42-50 MPa. With a lateral pressure coefficient less than 1, it was in the normal faulting stress state. In the eastern part of the study area, the NNE-oriented maximum horizontal principal stress was sequentially evolved from the SN-oriented compression during the Meso-Cenozoic Indosinian stage, the NNW-oriented compression during the Yanshanian stage, and the NNE-oriented compression during the Himalayan stage. Considering the distribution of natural fractures with an average NNW orientation during different tectonic stages, as well as the propagation pattern of NNE-oriented vertical hydraulic fractures under the normal faulting stress state with NNE-oriented maximum principal horizontal stress in the eastern fracture prediction area, it was recommended to deploy horizontal cluster wells within the azimuthal interval perpendicular to the current NNE-oriented maximum horizontal principal stress direction and the average NNW-oriented natural fracture direction. This approach aims to enhance production through large-scale extreme volume fracturing in horizontal wells by integrating the productivity of natural fractures and induced hydraulic fractures. In addition, the in-situ stress direction and natural fracture parameters should be further characterized in detail to guide fracturing design and improve CBM production.
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图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘神府区块南部位置及周缘构造纲要图(a)和地层综合柱状图(b)
Figure 1. Location map and surrounding tectonic outline (a) and comprehensive stratigraphic column (b) of southern Shenfu block, northeastern margin of Ordos Basin
图 2 鄂尔多斯盆地神府区块8+9号煤层顶板砂岩和煤岩岩心特征
a.顶板砂岩结构均质，裂缝相对不发育；b.8+9号煤层煤岩裂缝和割理(面割理和端割理)发育特征。
Figure 2. Core characteristics of No. 8+9 coal seam and its roof sandstone in Shenfu block, Ordos Basin
图 3 应用阵列声波测井、微地震监测、成像测井揭示鄂尔多斯盆地神府区块8+9号煤层及顶板现今最大水平主应力方向
a.阵列声波测井快横波方位指示煤层顶板现今NNE向最大水平主应力方向；b.微地震监测水力裂缝延伸方向指示煤层顶板(太原组)现今NEE向最大水平主应力方向(SF-4井)；c.成像测井中高角度诱导缝倾向NW(走向NE)，指示煤层段现今NE向最大水平主应力方向(SF-49井)。
Figure 3. Direction of present maximum horizontal principal stress of No. 8+9 coal seam and its roof in Shenfu block, Ordos Basin, as revealed by array acoustic logging, microseismic monitoring, and imaging logging
图 4 鄂尔多斯盆地神府区块8+9号煤层及顶底板附近断裂分布背景下的地应力方向
a.近南北向不活动断裂分布背景下现今最大水平主应力方向；b.过SF-50井地震剖面显示近南北向高角度左行走滑断裂系统发育。
Figure 4. In-situ stress direction near faults around No. 8+9 coal seam and its roof and floor in Shenfu block, Ordos Basin
图 5 鄂尔多斯盆地神府区块SF-50井8+9号煤层测井计算现今垂向主应力和最大、最小水平主应力大小
Figure 5. Logging calculation of present vertical principal stress and maximum and minimum horizontal principal stress for No. 8+9 coal seam in well SF-50, Shenfu block, Ordos Basin
图 6 鄂尔多斯盆地神府区块SF-63井闭合应力(Pc)G函数分析
Figure 6. G function analysis of closure stress (Pc) for well SF-63 in Shenfu block, Ordos Basin
图 7 鄂尔多斯盆地神府区块南部20口井8+9号煤层段测井计算现今地应力大小和侧压系数与深度的关系
a.现今垂向主应力、最大水平主应力、最小水平主应力大小与深度的关系；b.对应8+9号煤层段侧压系数与深度的关系。具体井位见图 4a。
Figure 7. Relationship between depth and logging calculated present in-situ stress magnitude and lateral pressure coefficient in No. 8+9 coal seam across 20 wells in southern Shenfu block, Ordos Basin
图 8 鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘印支期、燕山期、喜马拉雅期最大水平主应力迹线(红色虚线)和最小水平主应力迹线(绿色虚线)
据参考文献[7]修改。a.印支期神府区块南部最大水平主应力方向近南北向；b.燕山期神府区块南部最大水平主应力走向NNW—SSE向；c.喜马拉雅期神府区块南部最大水平主应力走向NNE—SSW向，神府区块南部东区现今最大水平主应力方向玫瑰花图走向与喜马拉雅期最大水平主应力迹线在该区的走向一致。
Figure 8. Trajectories of maximum (red dashed lines) and minimum (green dashed lines) horizontal principal stress during the Indosinian, Yanshanian, and Himalayan stages on northeastern margin of Ordos Basin
图 9 鄂尔多斯盆地神府区块南部断层体系分布样式、活动强度、发育模型及研究区东部裂缝叠前预测分布、走向和现今应力方向
a.神府区块南部周缘断层分布特征(据参考文献[48]修改)；b.离石断裂不同地质时代的断层活动强度(据参考文献[47]修改)；c.离石断裂左旋力偶应变椭球体控制的断层样式(据参考文献[47]修改)；d.研究区东部8+9号煤层叠前裂缝预测揭示的天然裂缝分布和走向特征，最大水平主应力方向叠加其上，具体井号见图 4a；e.天然裂缝走向玫瑰花图；f.裂缝预测区现今最大水平主应力方向玫瑰花图。
Figure 9. Fault system distribution pattern, activity intensity, development model, and pre-stack predicted fracture distribution, orientation, and present in-situ stress direction of eastern study area in southern Shenfu block, Ordos Basin
图 10 考虑现今最大水平主应力方向和天然裂缝分布的鄂尔多斯盆地神府南区水平井方位设计
a.考虑现今NNE向平均最大水平主应力方向、NNW向天然裂缝平均走向、NNE向压裂缝平均走向的研究区东部水平丛式井方位区间设计；b.天然裂缝不发育时，垂直于NNE最大水平主应力方向布井，压裂形成平行最大水平主应力方向的压裂缝；c天然裂缝发育时，水平井垂直于天然裂缝走向布井，压裂形成沿天然裂缝方向延伸的压裂缝；d.天然裂缝部分发育时，水平井方位区间内压裂缝处于最大水平主应力方向和天然裂缝之间。
Figure 10. Design of horizontal well orientation considering present maximum horizontal principal stress direction and natural fracture distribution in southern Shenfu block, Ordos Basin
表 1 鄂尔多斯盆地神府区块8+9号煤层注入压降测试实测应力值与主应力计算结果
Table 1. In-situ stress values and principal stress results measured from injection/fall off tests for No. 8+9 coal seam in Shenfu block, Ordos Basin
井号 垂深/m 应力/MPa Pp Pb Pc σH σh σv SF-A 1 828 19.72 30.74 29.48 37.98 29.48 43.93 SF-B 2 202 20.26 36.54 35.22 48.86 35.22 53.55 SF-C 2 077 19.11 33.77 31.21 40.75 31.21 46.79 
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表 2 鄂尔多斯盆地神府区块南部20口井8+9号煤层计算最小水平主应力与实测闭合应力对比及相关应力参数
Table 2. Comparison of calculated minimum horizontal principal stress, measured closure stress, and relevant stress parameters for No. 8+9 coal seam from 20 wells in southern Shenfu block, Ordos Basin
编号 井号 平均垂深/ m σh /MPa σH /MPa σH-σh/ MPa σv /MPa 侧压系数 Pc/ MPa |Pc-σh|/ MPa 误差/ % 1 SF-1 1 939 37.39 43.01 5.62 47.29 0.85 36.68 0.43 1.10 2 SF-25 2 180 41.46 47.79 6.33 54.01 0.83 41.07 3.63 7.61 3 SF-50 1 955 37.98 43.38 5.40 47.89 0.85 38.40 0.03 0.07 4 SF-51 2 180 42.13 48.16 6.03 53.64 0.84 42.10 2.63 7.90 5 SF-52 2 181 40.15 46.14 5.99 51.12 0.84 41.10 2.64 6.69 6 SF-53 1 915 36.85 42.62 5.77 46.38 0.86 39.49 0.81 2.34 7 SF-54 1 922 36.33 42.67 6.34 47.05 0.84 36.19 2.94 8.79 8 SF-55 1 947 38.02 43.47 5.45 47.98 0.85 38.40 0.28 0.69 9 SF-56 1 945 37.36 43.20 5.84 47.74 0.84 38.40 0.39 0.95 10 SF-57 2 062 40.41 46.22 5.81 50.65 0.86 40.69 0.37 0.88 11 SF-58 2 180 41.47 47.79 6.32 53.33 0.84 41.84 0.71 1.94 12 SF-59 2 165 44.06 50.43 6.37 54.06 0.87 47.69 0.86 2.14 13 SF-60 2 163 41.09 48.43 7.34 53.36 0.84 40.23 1.80 4.29 14 SF-61 2 027 36.78 42.88 6.10 49.65 0.80 36.65 0.95 2.31 15 SF-62 2 021 39.47 45.37 5.90 51.06 0.83 39.04 0.49 1.22 16 SF-63 2 115 40.11 45.56 5.45 50.50 0.85 42.14 2.03 4.82 17 SF-64 2 160 40.81 46.55 5.74 51.90 0.84 40.32 0.03 0.07 18 SF-65 1 985 35.93 42.32 6.39 48.62 0.80 33.30 0.14 0.39 19 SF-66 1 902 35.36 42.70 7.34 46.74 0.84 34.55 0.38 0.99 20 SF-67 1 953 36.38 42.69 6.31 47.56 0.83 33.44 1.04 2.71 平均值 2 045 38.98 45.07 6.09 50.03 0.84 39.07 1.13 2.90
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