中亚主要含盐盆地油气成藏特征及其富集主控因素

刘丽; 张凯逊; 于刚; 郁林军; 邱海华; 周妍; 葛贝琦; NURTAEVBakhtier; SHUKUROVShukhrat

doi:10.11781/sysydz2025020336

中亚主要含盐盆地油气成藏特征及其富集主控因素

doi: 10.11781/sysydz2025020336

刘丽^1,,
张凯逊^{2, 3, ,},
于刚⁴,
郁林军⁵,
邱海华⁶,
周妍⁷,
葛贝琦⁷,
NURTAEVBakhtier⁸,
SHUKUROVShukhrat⁸

1.
中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083
2.
中国地质科学院地质力学研究所, 北京 100081
3.
古地磁与古构造重建重点实验室, 北京 100081
4.
中国石油长城钻探工程有限公司地质研究院, 辽宁盘锦 124010
5.
长庆油田分公司第十二采油厂地质研究所, 西安 745400
6.
中国石油塔里木油田公司, 新疆库尔勒 841000
7.
中国石油大学地球科学学院, 北京 102249
8.
乌兹别克斯坦地质与矿产资源国家委员会地质与地球物理研究所, 塔什干乌兹别克斯坦 100041

基金项目:

中国地质科学院地质力学研究所基本科研项目“新特提斯洋演化对中亚东南缘主要含油气盆地的构造控制及其油气富集响应” DZLXJK202406

详细信息

作者简介:
刘丽(1985—)，女，博士，高级工程师，从事储层地质综合研究工作。E-mail: liuli85@petrochina.com.cn

通讯作者:
张凯逊(1985—)，男，博士，副研究员，从事全球油气资源潜力评价与储层地质学等工作。E-mail: zhangkaixun@126.com

中图分类号: TE122.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-02-21
- 修回日期: 2025-02-08
- 刊出日期: 2025-03-28

Hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics and main controlling factors of major salt-bearing basins in Central Asia

1.
Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
2.
Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction, Beijing 100081, China
4.
Geology Research Institute of Great Wall Drilling Company, PetroChina, Panjin, Liaoning 124010, China
5.
Geological Research Institute, No. 12 Oil Production Plant, Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi'an, Shaanxi 745400, China
6.
Tarim Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Korla, Xinjiang 841000, China
7.
College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
8.
Institute of Geology and Geophysics, State Committee on Geology and Mineral Resources of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100041, Uzbekistan

摘要

摘要: 中亚地区阿姆河盆地和滨里海盆地油气资源潜力巨大，是中亚盆地中最具代表性的含盐盆地。基于最新的油气地质资料，对阿姆河盆地和滨里海盆地的构造沉积演化、石油地质特征和油气分布规律进行了系统对比, 深入探讨了影响含盐盆地油气分布的主控因素，从而加深对中亚地区区域性油气分布规律的认识。尽管阿姆河盆地和滨里海盆地是在不同地质背景下形成的富油气盆地，二者的构造演化过程、沉积地层和油气地质特征存在明显差异，但盆地的盐下均发育了形成于同裂谷期—拗陷期的优质烃源岩，具有厚度巨大、有机质丰度高、热演化程度高等特征。阿姆河盆地和滨里海盆地内广泛发育的含盐层系控制了这两大盆地的油气时空分布，这套含盐层系将盆地划分为盐上和盐下2套油气成藏组合。其中，油气主要富集于阿姆河盆地盐下卡洛夫—牛津阶碳酸盐岩成藏组合和滨里海盆地盐下石炭系—下二叠统碳酸盐岩成藏组合。膏盐岩盖层具有良好的封堵性能，与盐下古隆起构造部位的有利储集相带构成了大型油气田形成的有利条件。此外，深大断裂、膏盐岩尖灭带和盐构造活动形成的盐窗为盐下烃源岩油气的垂向运移提供了运移通道，这些因素是盐上能否形成油气规模聚集的关键。
- 盐构造 /
- 油气成藏 /
- 主控因素 /
- 阿姆河盆地 /
- 滨里海盆地 /
- 中亚
Abstract: The Amu Darya Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin in Central Asia hold enormous hydrocarbon resource potential and are the most representative salt-bearing basins in the region. Based on the latest petroleum geological data, this study systematically compares the structural and sedimentary evolution, petroleum geological characteristics, and hydrocarbon distribution patterns of the basins. The main factors controlling hydrocarbon distribution in salt-bearing basins are thoroughly analyzed to deepen the understanding of regional hydrocarbon accumulation patterns in Central Asia. Since the Amu Darya Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin are oil and gas-rich basins formed under different geological backgrounds, there are obvious differences in the tectonic evolution process, sedimentary strata and oil and gas geological characteristics of the two; however, the pre-salt basins have developed high-quality source rocks formed in the same rift period and depression period, with the characteristics of huge thickness, high organic matter abundance and high degree of thermal evolution. The extensive development of salt-bearing strata in the Amu Darya Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin controls the spatial and temporal distribution of hydrocarbons. This salt-bearing system divides the basins into two hydrocarbon accumulation systems: sub-salt and supra-salt rock sequences. Hydrocarbons are mainly concentrated in the sub-salt Callovian to Oxfordian carbonate reservoirs in the Amu Darya Basin and in the sub-salt Carboniferous to Lower Permian carbonate reservoirs in the Pre-Caspian Basin. Gypsum-salt cap rocks exhibit excellent sealing properties and, in conjunction with favorable reservoir facies in the structural positions of the paleo-uplift of the sub-salt rock sequences, provide optimal conditions for forming large oil and gas fields. Additionally, salt windows induced by deep faults, gypsum-salt pinch-out zones, and salt tectonic activities facilitate vertical migration of hydrocarbons in sub-salt source rocks, playing a crucial role in large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation in supra-salt rock sequences.
- salt structure /
- hydrocarbon accumulation /
- main controlling factors /
- Amu Darya Basin /
- Pre-Caspian Basin /
- Central Asia
注释:

利益冲突声明/Conflict of Interests

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

All authors declare no relevant conflict of interests.

作者贡献/Authors’Contributions

刘丽和张凯逊完成论文的写作和总体思路的提供；邱海华参与论文的修订与校对工作；于刚和郁林军完成图件编制，并提供了滨里海盆地的一手资料；周妍和葛贝琦完成数据收集与统计工作；BAKHTIER Nurtaev和SHUKHRAT Shukurov参与文献资料调研，提供了阿姆河盆地右岸的一手资料。所有作者均阅读并同意最终稿件的提交。

LIU Li and ZHANG Kaixun were responsible for paper writing and providing the overall research ideas. QIU Haihua was involved in the revision and proofreading of the paper. YU Gang and YU Linjun compiled the figures and provided first-hand materials of the Pre-Caspian Basin. ZHOU Yan and GE Beiqi collected and analyzed the data. Bakhtier NURTAEV and Shukhrat SHUKUROV participated in literature research and provided first-hand data on the right bank of the Amu Darya Basin. All authors have read the final version of the paper and consented to its submission.

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图 1 阿姆河盆地构造与地层单元以及油气资源分布

Figure 1. Tectonic and stratigraphic units of Amu Darya Basin and distribution of hydrocarbon resources

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图 2 滨里海盆地构造与地层单元以及油气资源分布

Figure 2. Tectonic and stratigraphic units of Pre-Caspian Basin and distribution of hydrocarbon resources

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图 3 阿姆河盆地和滨里海盆地构造演化、沉积地层以及成藏要素对比

Figure 3. Comparison of tectonic evolution, sedimentary stratigraphy, and accumulation factors of Amu Darya Basin and Pre-Caspian Basin

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图 4 滨里海盆地和阿姆河盆地油气储量分布

Figure 4. Hydrocarbon reserve distribution in Pre-Caspian Basin and Amu Darya Basin

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图 5 阿姆河盆地和滨里海盆地盐上盐下成藏模式

Figure 5. Supra-salt and sub-salt hydrocarbon accumulation models in Amu Darya Basin and Pre-Caspian Basin

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表 1 阿姆河和滨里海盆地油气地质特征对比

Table 1. Comparison of hydrocarbon geological characteristics of Amu Darya Basin and Pre-Caspian Basin

成藏要素	阿姆河盆地	滨里海盆地
主力烃源岩	盐下中—下侏罗统海陆交互相煤系地层	盐下：上泥盆统弗拉斯阶—下石炭统杜内阶海相与潟湖相钙质页岩；盐下：下石炭统维宪阶—巴什基尔海相泥质碳酸盐岩、页岩
主要储层	盐下：上侏罗统卡洛夫阶—牛津阶碳酸盐岩(孔隙度为14%~19%)；盐上：下白垩统沙特里克组砂岩(孔隙度为12%~22%)	盐下：下二叠统亚丁斯克阶—上石炭统莫斯科阶(KT-1)碳酸盐岩(孔隙度为1%~38%，平均10%)；下石炭统维宪阶—上石炭统巴什基尔阶(KT-2)碳酸盐岩(孔隙度为1%~26.1%，平均10%)；盐上：下侏罗统砂岩(孔隙度为22.3%~39.5%)、中侏罗统砂岩(孔隙度为16%~35%)、下白垩统欧特里夫阶、阿普特阶和阿尔布阶砂岩(孔隙度为分别为10.8%~18.0%、20.7%~38.8%和23.7%~44.1%)
盖层	区域盖层：基末里阶—提塘阶高尔达克组膏盐岩；局部盖层：欧特里夫阶厚层泥岩	区域盖层：空谷阶蒸发岩；局部盖层：盐上和盐下层间的泥页岩和泥灰岩
圈闭	盐下圈闭：以生物礁及其与古构造的复合圈闭为主；盐上圈闭：与基底结构和早中侏罗世的裂陷活动密切相关的多种背斜圈闭	盐下圈闭：以生物礁及其与古构造的复合圈闭为主；盐上圈闭：与盐岩构造活动和变形相关的构造圈闭以及岩性地层圈闭

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表 2 阿姆河和滨里海盆地盐下烃源岩特征

Table 2. Characteristics of sub-salt hydrocarbon source rocks in Amu Darya Basin and Pre-Caspian Basin

盆地	烃源岩层位	岩性	沉积环境	分布区域	TOC含量	有机质类型
滨里海盆地	中泥盆统艾菲尔阶—吉维特阶	泥质碳酸盐岩至硅质页岩	潟湖相	北部—西北部断阶带	北部、西北部最高 (11.7%，平均2.8%)	Ⅰ-Ⅱ型
	上泥盆统弗拉斯阶—下石炭统杜内阶	钙质页岩、硅质页岩和泥质碳酸盐岩	海相、潟湖相	北部—西北部断阶带	南部0.4%~13.8%，平均4.4%；北部、西北部1.5%~1.8%	Ⅰ型或Ⅱ型
	下石炭统维宪阶—巴什基尔阶	泥质碳酸盐岩和页岩	浅海—深海相	北部—西北部断阶带，南部隆起带	南部6%~8%，东部2%~4%，北部、西北部很低	Ⅰ型或Ⅱ型
	上石炭统莫斯科阶—下二叠统亚丁斯克阶	泥质碳酸盐岩、页岩	浅海—深海相	北部—西北部断阶带、南部隆起带、东部隆起带	东部1%~10%，平均2%；北部、西北部及南部低	Ⅰ型或Ⅱ型
阿姆河盆地	上侏罗统牛津阶	沥青质页岩	深海相	东部别斯肯特坳陷、卡拉别卡乌尔凹陷、南部卡拉依莫尔凹陷	0.62%~1.39%	Ⅱ型
阿姆河盆地	中下侏罗统赫特唐阶—卡洛夫阶	含煤页岩和粉砂岩	三角洲相到近海相	北阿姆达林坳陷中的扎翁古兹凹陷和希文凹陷	2.09%~4.35%，局部可高达10%	Ⅲ型

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表 3 阿姆河盆地已发现油气储量层系分布

Table 3. Sequence distribution of hydrocarbon reserves discovered in Amu Darya Basin

构造单元/层位/层系	石油/MMbbl	天然气/BCF	凝析油/MMbbl	合计/MMboe	占全盆比/%
巴哈尔多克斜坡	24.4	2 591.7	24.1	480.4	0.4
盐上	12.9	1 323.7	7.4	240.9	0.2
盐内	9.7	613.4	12.6	124.5	0.1
盐下	1.8	654.6	4.1	115.0	0.1
北阿姆达林坳陷	1 533.6	169 329.8	1 806.3	31 561.5	30.9
盐上	92.8	40424.7	87.1	6 917.3	6.8
盐内	0.5	3241.2	26.0	566.7	0.6
盐下	1 440.3	125 663.9	1 693.2	24 077.5	23.5
科佩特山前坳陷	3.0	17 170.9	27.7	2 892.5	2.8
盐上	3.0	1 860.1	13.9	326.9	0.3
盐内	0.0	15 223.8	13.7	2 551.0	2.5
盐下	0.0	87.0	0.1	14.6	0.0
木尔加布坳陷	124.2	395 839.2	663.0	66 760.5	65.2
盐上	89.2	86 800.9	171.1	14 727.1	14.4
盐内	15.0	550.3	0.5	107.3	0.1
盐下	20.0	308 488.0	491.4	51 926.1	50.7
中央卡拉库姆隆起	9.4	3 950.7	6.6	674.4	0.7
盐上	9.4	3 533.0	3.9	602.1	0.6
盐内	0.0	55.0	0.8	9.9	0.0
盐下	0.0	362.7	2.0	62.4	0.1
总计	1 694.6	588 882.3	2 527.8	102 369.2	100.0
盐上	207.3	133 942.4	283.4	22 814.3	22.3
盐内	25.2	19 683.7	53.6	3 359.4	3.3
盐下	1 462.1	435 256.2	2 190.8	76 195.6	74.4
注：表 3和表 4数据源自参考文献[28]；1 MMbbl =13.6×10⁴ t，1 BCF = 2831.7×10⁴ m³, MMboe为百万桶油当量，1MMboe=1 MMbbl。

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表 4 滨里海盆地已发现油气储量层系分布

Table 4. Sequence distribution of hydrocarbon reserves discovered in Pre-Caspian Basin

构造单元/层位/层系	石油/MMbbl	天然气/BCF	凝析油/MMbbl	合计/MMboe	占全盆比/%
北部—西北部断阶带	2 013.2	40 009.8	2 423.2	11 104.5	16.3
盐上	30.0	185.4	29.4	90.1	0.1
盐内	13.1	640.3	6.6	126.4	0.2
盐下	1 970.1	39 184.1	2 387.2	10 887.9	16.0
东部隆起带	2 976.8	9 189.6	217.5	4 725.8	6.9
盐上	520.9	55.1	0.0	530.1	0.8
盐下	2 455.9	9 134.5	217.5	4 195.7	6.1
南部隆起带	25 140.2	133 811.0	4 664.1	52 106.1	76.5
盐上	2 787.8	2 651.5	35.0	3 264.6	4.8
盐下	22 352.4	131 159.5	4 629.1	48 841.5	71.7
中央坳陷带	214.9	117.6	0.1	234.6	0.3
盐上	214.9	117.6	0.1	234.6	0.3
全盆地	30 345.1	183 128.0	7 304.8	68 170.9	100.0
盐上	3 553.6	3 009.6	64.4	4 119.4	6.0
盐内	13.1	640.3	6.6	126.4	0.2
盐下	26 778.4	179 478.1	7 233.8	63 925.1	93.8

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