Main controlling factors on oblique extensional deformations in multiphase rift basins: insights from analogue experiments
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摘要: 为了探讨多期裂陷盆地中先存断裂及其与不同伸展方向之间夹角(斜度α)对斜向伸展变形和洼槽结构的影响，利用砂箱物理模拟实验，基于相似性原理，设计了三组物理模拟实验，即不同斜度(α)斜向伸展物理模拟实验和两组斜向伸展—走滑叠加变形物理模拟实验。实验结果表明：(1)多期裂陷盆地中，伸展方向与先存断裂之间的夹角变化控制着走向滑动分量和倾向滑动分量的比例，影响洼槽结构，夹角越大，倾向滑动分量越大，洼槽宽度越大；反之，洼槽宽度减小。(2)受先存断裂分布的影响，不同演化阶段，先存断裂再活动方式不同，对于斜向伸展—走滑叠加变形过程，先存走滑断裂与边界断裂之间的距离较大时，洼槽呈单断半地堑特征；二者间距较小时，走滑断裂也控陷，洼槽呈现双断地堑结构。(3)多方位展布的先存边界断裂再活动控制形成的洼槽深度和压扭褶皱幅度也受二者距离的影响，随着先存边界断裂与走滑断裂距离的增加，张扭区洼槽深度逐渐增大，压扭区褶皱幅度逐渐增加；反之，洼槽深度越小，褶皱幅度越低。Abstract: In order to investigate the influence of pre-existing faults and their angle (α) with different extension directions on oblique extension deformation and sag structure in multiphase rift basins, three sets of analogue experiments were designed based on the similarity theory, including oblique extensional physical simulation experiments with different angles (α), and two sets of physical simulation experiments of oblique extensional and strike-slip deformations. The experiment results showed that: (1) In multiphase rift basins, the angles between the extension direction and pre-existing faults controlled the ratio between the strike-slip component and the dip-slip components, affecting the sag structure. As the angle increased, the dip-slip component and the width of the sag increased. Conversely, when the angle decreased, the sag width decreased. (2) Affected by the distribution of pre-existing faults, the reactivation style of pre-existing faults differed at different evolutionary stages. During the oblique extensional and strike-slip deformation, when the distance between the pre-existing strike-slip fault and the boundary fault was large, the sag showed a single-fault half-graben characteristic. When the distance between them was small, the strike-slip fault also controlled subsidence, and the sag presented a double-fault graben structure. (3) Sag depth and the amplitude of the compression and shear folds controlled by the reactivation of pre-existing boundary faults with multi-directional extension were also influenced by the distance between the faults. As the distance between the pre-existing boundary faults and strike-slip faults increased, the depth of the sag in the extensional-shear zone gradually increased, and the amplitude of the folds in the compressional-shear zone gradually increased. Conversely, the sag depth and fold amplitude decreased.
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图 1 不同斜度(α)斜向伸展变形模拟实验装置
Figure 1. Simulation experimental setup for oblique extensional deformation at different angles (α)
图 2 多走向先存断裂斜向伸展物理模拟(a-b)和斜向伸展—走滑叠加变形物理模拟(c-d)实验模型示意
Figure 2. Schematic diagrams of experimental models for physical simulation of oblique extension along multi-strike pre-existing faults (a-b) and physical simulation of superposed deformation of oblique extension and strike-slip (c-d)
图 3 不同角度斜向伸展变形物理模拟实验平面结果
平面拍摄范围见图 1b。
Figure 3. Planar results of physical simulation experiments on oblique extensional deformation at different angles
图 4 不同角度斜向伸展变形物理模拟实验剖面结果
剖面位置见图 3。
Figure 4. Cross-sectional results of physical simulation experiments on oblique extensional deformation at different angles
图 5 多走向先存断裂斜向伸展物理模拟实验(a)和斜向伸展—走滑叠加变形物理模拟实验(b)平面结果
拍摄范围见图 2。
Figure 5. Planar results of physical simulation of oblique extension along multi-strike pre-existing faults (a) and physical simulation of superposed deformation of oblique extension and strike-slip (b)
图 6 多走向先存断裂斜向伸展物理模拟实验(a)和斜向伸展—走滑叠加变形物理模拟实验(b)剖面结果
剖面位置见图 5。
Figure 6. Cross-sectional results of physical simulation of oblique extension along multi-strike pre-existing faults (a) and physical simulation of superposed deformation of oblique extension and strike-slip (b)
图 7 斜向伸展变形过程中斜度与洼槽宽度(a)、深度(b)的关系
Figure 7. Relationship between slope and sag width (a), depth (b) during oblique extensional deformation
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