Geological characteristics and exploration suggestions for shale in Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation of Biyang and Nanyang sags, Nanxiang Basin
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摘要: 南襄盆地泌阳凹陷和南阳凹陷古近系核桃园组页岩层与已突破的东部断陷盆地的页岩层系存在明显的地质差异。目前对该区页岩油地质特征形成机制认识不清，制约了其勘探开发进程。通过岩心、X衍射、薄片、扫描电镜和激光共聚焦等分析手段，系统研究了南襄盆地不同凹陷核桃园组页岩地质特征的差异，并提出下一步勘探建议。南襄盆地核桃园组页岩以纹层状混合质页岩为主，其中泌阳凹陷以纹层状云灰质—长英质混积页岩为主，发育基质型页岩油；南阳凹陷以纹层状长英质—黏土质混合页岩为主，砂岩夹层发育，主要为夹层型页岩油。泌阳凹陷页岩具有常压、中—低演化程度、中—高丰度特征，表现为储集性能中等—好、含油性好、可压性好以及可动性中等；南阳凹陷页岩具有常压、中等演化程度、中—低丰度的特点，储集性能中等、含油性中等—好、可压性及可动性中等。对比研究表明，边界断层及古水深控制不同凹陷湖盆类型；湖盆类型与古沉积环境的协同作用影响了页岩的岩相类型；有机质组分和成烃生物类型控制了页岩丰度。南阳凹陷淡水湖盆中—低丰度夹层型页岩油、泌阳凹陷咸化湖盆常压基质型页岩油均具备良好的成藏条件。针对泌阳凹陷页岩层含油性好、甜点相对集中的特点，建议加强低成本工程工艺攻关，探索夹层型页岩油直斜井效益开发模式；针对南阳凹陷页岩层纵向跨度大、断层复杂的特点，建议采用大斜度井实现纵向多层大规模压裂改造。Abstract: The shale layers in the Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation of the Biyang and Nanyang sags in the Nanxiang Basin show significant geological differences from the shale strata in the eastern rift basins where breakthroughs have been achieved. The limited understanding of the formation mechanism of shale oil and its geological characteristics in this area constrains its exploration and development. Through core analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thin-section observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), the geological differences of the shale in the Hetaoyuan Formation across various sags in the Nanxiang Basin were systematically studied, and suggestions for future exploration were proposed. The Hetaoyuan Formation in the Nanxiang Basin mainly develops laminated mixed shale. Particularly, the Biyang Sag mainly develops laminated dolomitic and felsic mixed shale and is abundant in matrix-type shale oil. The Nanyang Sag mainly develops laminated felsic and argillaceous mixed shale with well-developed sandstone interlayers, primarily containing sandwich-type shale oil. The shale in the Biyang Sag exhibits normal pressure, medium to low evolution degree, and medium to high organic matter abundance, with medium to good reservoir property, good oil-bearing capacity, good compressibility, and medium mobility. The shale in the Nanyang Sag exhibits normal pressure, medium evolution degree, and medium to low organic matter abundance, with medium reservoir property, medium to good oil-bearing capacity, and medium compressibility and mobility. Comparative analysis revealed that boundary faults and paleo-water depth controlled the types of lake basins in different sags. Lake basin types and the paleo-depositional environment collectively affected shale lithofacies types. The organic matter components and hydrocarbon-generating organism types controlled the abundance of organic matter in shale. The sandwich-type shale oil with medium to low organic matter abundance in the freshwater lake basin of the Nanyang Sag and the matrix-type shale oil under normal pressure in the salt lake basin of the Biyang Sag possess favorable reservoir-forming conditions. For the shale layers in the Biyang Sag, which have good oil-bearing properties and relatively concentrated sweet spots, it is recommended to strengthen research on low-cost engineering technologies and explore efficient development models for sandwich-type shale oil through vertical and deviated wells. For the shale layers in the Nanyang Sag, which feature large vertical spans and complex faults, highly deviated wells are recommended for large-scale, multi-layer vertical fracturing.
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Key words:
- rift basin /
- shale oil /
- paleo-depositional environment /
- Hetaoyuan Formation /
- Nanxiang Basin
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图 1 南襄盆地构造分区(a)、地层柱状图(b)及东西向地震剖面(c)
据参考文献[20]，有修改。
Figure 1. Tectonic division (a), stratigraphic column (b), and EW-trending seismic profile (c) of Nanxiang Basin
图 2 南襄盆地泌阳凹陷和南阳凹陷全岩矿物成分三角图
Figure 2. Ternary diagram of whole-rock mineral composition for Biyang and Nanyang sags of Nanxiang Basin
图 3 南襄盆地泌阳凹陷和南阳凹陷岩心及岩石薄片照片
a.泌阳凹陷，阳页油1井，2 748.38 m，纹层状长英质页岩；b.泌阳凹陷，阳页油1井，2 753.02 m，纹层状混合质页岩；c.泌阳凹陷，阳页油1井，2 784.36 m，纹层状黏土质页岩；d.泌阳凹陷，阳页油1井，2 786.09 m，纹层状云灰质页岩；e.南阳凹陷，张页2井，2 878.55 m，纹层状长英质页岩；f.南阳凹陷，张页2井，3 025.93 m，纹层状黏土质页岩；g.张页2井，3 026.32 m，纹层状混合质页岩；h.南阳凹陷，张页2井，3 102.57 m，纹层状云灰质页岩。
Figure 3. Core samples and thin-section photomicrographs from Biyang and Nanyang sags of Nanxiang Basin
图 4 南襄盆地泌阳凹陷和南阳凹陷页岩岩相划分方案
Figure 4. Shale lithofacies classification scheme for Biyang and Nanyang sags of Nanxiang Basin
图 6 南襄盆地泌阳凹陷和南阳凹陷页岩样品扫描电镜照片
a1、a2.阳页油1井，2 814.6 m，纹层状云灰质页岩；b1、b2.张页1井，2 954.38 m，纹层状黏土质页岩；c1、c2.张页1井，3 050.92 m，纹层状黏土质页岩。
Figure 6. SEM images of shale samples in Biyang and Nanyang sags of Nanxiang Basin
图 7 南襄盆地泌阳凹陷(a)和南阳凹陷(b)泥岩孔径分布曲线
Figure 7. Pore size distribution curves of mudstones in Biyang Sag (a) and Nanyang Sag (b) of Nanxiang Basin
图 8 南襄盆地泌阳凹陷和南阳凹陷页岩热解S1随深度变化
Figure 8. Depth-dependent variations of pyrolysis S1 in shales in Biyang and Nanyang sags of Nanxiang Basin
图 9 南襄盆地泌阳凹陷和南阳凹陷页岩有机质分布特征
a.泌阳凹陷，阳页油1井，2 742.01 m，含碎屑云质页岩，微裂缝发育，微裂缝以重质烃类显示为主，含油体积比10.41%；b.泌阳凹陷，阳页油1井，2 796 m，页岩，烃类分布受纹层控制，含油体积比11.82%；c.泌阳凹陷，阳页油1井，2 892.3 m，含粉砂云质泥岩。烃类呈星点状、线条状分布，局部富集，含油体积比8.11%；d.南阳凹陷，张页1井，3 023.24 m, 纹层状页岩，轻重质有机组分相对均匀地分布在泥质、灰质层中，连续性较差，有机质体积比3.23%；e.南阳凹陷，张页1井，2 961.53 m，纹层状页岩，轻质有机组分分布在泥质、灰质纹层中呈连续性分布，体积比2.85%；f.南阳凹陷，张页2井，3 090.45 m，粉细砂岩，烃类物质主要在颗粒周边的孔隙内呈环状分布，含油体积4.52%。
Figure 9. Organic matter distribution characteristics of shales in Biyang and Nanyang sags of Nanxiang Basin
图 10 南襄盆地泌阳凹陷和南阳凹陷页岩含油饱和度指数随深度变化
Figure 10. Depth-dependent variations of shale oil saturation index in Biyang and Nanyang sags of Nanxiang Basin
图 11 南襄盆地过泌阳凹陷东—西向(a)和过南阳凹陷北东—南西向(b)地震剖面
剖面位置见图 1。
Figure 11. EW-trending seismic profile across Biyang Sag (a) and NE-trending seismic profile across Nanyang Sag (b), Nanxiang Basin
图 12 南襄盆地泌阳凹陷和南阳凹陷古近系核桃园组三段沉积相平面图
Figure 12. Lithofacies paleogeographic map of the third member of Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation in Biyang and Nanyang sags, Nanxiang Basin
图 13 南襄盆地泌阳凹陷(a)和南阳凹陷(b)古近系核桃园组三段沉积模式示意图
Figure 13. Depositional model of the third member of Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation in Biyang sag(a) and Nanyang sag(b), Nanxiang Basin
图 14 南襄盆地南阳凹陷张页1井古沉积环境综合柱状图
Figure 14. Composite column of paleo-depositional environment in well Zhangye 1 of Nanyang Sag, Nanxiang Basin
图 15 南襄盆地各泌阳凹陷和南阳凹陷页岩有机显微组分及成烃生物
a.泌阳凹陷，阳页油1井，2 804.8 m，纹层状混合质页岩(TOC含量为3.2%)，密集线性藻类薄层，每层厚度在1 μm左右，黄色荧光；b.泌阳凹陷，阳页油1井，2 814.6 m，纹层状云灰质页岩(TOC含量为1.9%)，结构藻类体，表面蜂窝或海绵状，发黄色荧光；c.南阳凹陷，张页1井，2 936.88 m，纹层状混合质页岩(TOC含量为1.4%)，有机质以镜质组为主，腐泥组中见层状藻类体，部分降解为沥青质体，常呈细小的纹层状或基质状产出；d.南阳凹陷，张页1井，2 989.57 m，纹层状云灰质页岩(TOC含量为0.6%)，镜质组以正常镜质体为主，见少量富氢镜质体，疑似被油浸染，条带状或不规则的透镜状，具褐色至暗褐色弱荧光，惰性组以惰屑体为主。
Figure 15. Organic macerals and hydrocarbon-generating organisms of shales in Biyang and Nanyang sags of Nanxiang Basin
表 1 南襄盆地泌阳凹陷和南阳凹陷页岩岩相分类
Table 1. Shale lithofacies classification of Biyang and Nanyang sags in Nanxiang Basin
凹陷 三端元分类 沉积构造 发育厚度/m 占比/% 泌阳凹陷 长英质页岩 层状 9.8 4.6 纹层状 95.4 30.1 云灰质页岩 层状 2.4 2.2 纹层状 150.0 7.9 黏土质页岩 纹层状 15.5 6.4 混合质页岩 层状 8.2 3.5 纹层状 125.3 45.3 南阳凹陷 长英质页岩 层状 18.2 6.0 纹层状 93.6 22.6 云灰质页岩 层状 3.2 2.5 纹层状 12.7 4.9 黏土质页岩 纹层状 9.4 4.0 混合质页岩 层状 13.2 3.1 纹层状 231.1 56.9 
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