致密砂岩微米级孔隙网络系统石油驱替实验三维在线模拟

马勇; 曾溅辉; 冯枭

doi:10.11781/sysydz202001139

致密砂岩微米级孔隙网络系统石油驱替实验三维在线模拟

doi: 10.11781/sysydz202001139

马勇^{1, 2,},
曾溅辉^{1, 2, ,},
冯枭^{1, 2}

1.
中国石油大学(北京) 油气资源与探测国家重点实验室, 北京 102249
2.
中国石油大学(北京) 地球科学学院, 北京 102249

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41802149

国家自然科学基金项目 41330319

中国石油大学（北京）引进人才科研启动基金项目 2462017YJRC019

详细信息

作者简介:
马勇(1988-), 男, 博士, 讲师, 从事非常规油气地质研究。E-mail: mayong@cup.edu.cn

通讯作者:
曾溅辉(1962-), 男, 博士, 教授, 从事油气成藏机理研究。E-mail: zengjh@cup.edu.cn

中图分类号: TE135
计量
- 文章访问数: 1254
- HTML全文浏览量: 229
- PDF下载量: 210
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-09-24
- 修回日期: 2020-01-03
- 刊出日期: 2020-01-28

Three-dimensional simulation of oil distribution during waterflooding in a micrometer-sized pore network system of tight sandstone

MA Yong^{1, 2
,},
ZENG Jianhui^{1, 2
, ,},
FENG Xiao^{1, 2}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources & Prospecting, China University of Petroleum(Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
2.
College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum(Beijing), Beijing 102249, China

摘要

摘要: 致密油储层孔隙度和渗透率均较低，其微米级孔隙网络系统内石油赋存状态是致密油成藏地质研究中亟待解决的核心问题之一。采用油气驱替系统与X射线微米CT扫描系统联用，通过对3 mm和5 mm直径致密砂岩干岩心、饱和碘化钾（KI）溶液及油驱替KI溶液后致密砂岩岩心在线CT扫描及数据重构，三维展示了致密砂岩微米级孔隙网络系统中石油的赋存状态。研究发现孔隙半径10 μm以上孔隙的连通性较好，是石油聚集的优势孔隙网络系统，致密砂岩62.9%~84.1%的石油聚集于半径在10~60 μm之间的孔隙内；孔隙半径小于10 μm的孔隙数量多，但其在空间上多呈孤立状分布，该部分孔隙的石油充满度较低，只聚集了致密砂岩内6.8%~20.0%的石油。致密砂岩含油饱和度随孔径呈阶梯状增长，半径小于10 μm、10~60 μm和60~80 μm的孔隙的含油饱和度分别为10%~40%，30%~75%，40%~75%。致密砂岩微米级孔隙网络系统石油的赋存与孔隙的尺寸、成因类型及空间分布特征有关。
- 致密油 /
- 石油充注 /
- 孔隙网络 /
- 石油赋存状态 /
- 微米CT /
- 三维重构
Abstract: The porosity and permeability of tight oil reservoirs are quite low. The occurrence of oil in tight oil reservoirs, which are composed of a micrometer-sized pore network system, is one of the most important scientific issues to be solved in tight oil research. Oil was removed from two tight sandstone core samples (with diameter 3 mm and 5 mm) which were saturated with KI and oil and monitored by core flooding system using X-ray Micro-CT, to display the occurrence and accumulation characteristics of oil in the micrometer-sized pore network. Pores with radius larger than 10 μm have good connectivity and comprise the dominant pore network system for oil accumulation, while 62.9%-84.1% of the oil accumulates in pores with radius from 10-60 μm. Pores with radius smaller than 10 μm are huge in number; however, most of them are isolated in space, the oil saturation of these pores is low and they only gathered 6.8%-20.0% of oil in tight sandstone. The oil saturation of tight sandstone increases in three steps with pore radius in the range of 10%-40% for pores with radius smaller than 10 μm, 30%-75% for pores with radius 10-60 μm, 40%-75% for pores with radius 60-80 μm. The occurrence of oil in micrometer-sized pore network systems in tight sandstones is controlled by the size, origin and spatial distribution of pores.
- tight oil /
- oil charging /
- pore network /
- oil occurrence /
- Micro-CT /
- three-dimensional reconstruction

HTML全文

图 1 非常规油气成藏模拟实验装置示意

Figure 1. Experimental system for unconventional hydrocarbon accumulation

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 直径3 mm干岩心、饱和KI溶液岩心和油充注后相同视域致密砂岩岩心X射线CT扫描

XY切片方向：a.干岩心；b.饱和KI溶液岩心，孔隙内充填白色发亮KI溶液(红色箭头指示部位)；c.油驱替饱和KI溶液后图像。XZ切片方向：d.干岩心；e.饱和KI溶液岩心，孔隙内充填白色发亮KI溶液；f.油驱替饱和KI溶液后图像

Figure 2. X-ray CT images showing the structure of tight sandstone (core plug with diameter of 3 mm) before and after saturated with KI and oil in the same view

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 直径5 mm干岩心、饱和KI溶液岩心和油充注后相同视域岩心CT扫描

XY切片方向：a.干岩心；b.饱和KI溶液岩心，孔隙被KI溶液填充；c.油驱替饱和KI溶液后图像

Figure 3. X-ray CT images showing the structure of tight sandstone (core plug with diameter of 5 mm) saturated with KI and oil in the same view

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 直径3 mm岩心致密砂岩孔隙网络和油驱替后岩心CT扫描三维重构

a.孔隙网络三维分布；b.油驱替饱和KI溶液后三维空间分布, 红色部分为油

Figure 4. Three-dimensional reconstruction of X-ray CT images showing pore network distribution and oil inside tight sandstone, core plug with diameter of 3 mm

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 直径5 mm岩心致密砂岩孔隙网络和油驱替后岩心CT扫描三维重构

a.孔隙网络三维分布；b.油驱替饱和KI溶液后三维空间分布，红色部分为油

Figure 5. Three-dimensional reconstruction of X-ray CT images showing the distribution of pore and oil inside tight sandstone, core plug with diameter of 5 mm

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 3 mm岩心(a)和5 mm岩心(b)孔隙体积及含油体积分数与孔隙半径分布曲线

Figure 6. Volume fraction of porosity and oil versus pore radius for core samples with diameter of 3 mm (a) and 5 mm (b)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 3 mm岩心(a)和5 mm岩心(b)不同半径孔隙的含油饱和度分布

Figure 7. Distribution of oil saturation in pores with different radius for core samples with diameter of 3 mm (a) and 5 mm (b)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 两块致密砂岩样品基本信息及基于CT扫描重构获得的岩石孔隙度参数

Table 1. Basic information of two tight sandstone samples and porosity parameters calculated from CT reconstruction

样品编号	样品直径/mm	CT扫描图像分辨率/μm	据CT重构数据计算
样品编号	样品直径/mm	CT扫描图像分辨率/μm	绝对孔隙度/%	含油体积分数/%	含油饱和度/%
1号	3	2.0	12.7	5.6	44.2
2号	5	3.3	16.0	6.3	39.4

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 CT扫描重构获取的2块致密砂岩孔隙、油及含油饱和度分布特征

Table 2. Pore and oil distributions and oil saturation of two tight sandstone samples calculated from CT reconstruction

孔隙半径区间/μm	孔隙分布体积分数/%		油分布体积分数/%		含油饱和度/%
孔隙半径区间/μm	3 mm岩心	5 mm岩心	3 mm岩心	5 mm岩心	含油饱和度/%
< 10	31.4	16.5	20.0	6.8	(10~40)/25.7
10~60	57.7	77.1	62.9	84.1	(30~75)/46.1
60~80	10.9	6.4	17.1	9.2	(40~75)/59.3
注：含油饱和度为：(最小值~最大值)/平均值。

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(31)

[1]	邹才能, 朱如凯, 白斌, 等. 致密油与页岩油内涵、特征、潜力及挑战[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2015, 34(1): 3-17. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KYDH201501002.htm ZOU Caineng, ZHU Rukai, BAI Bin, et al. Significance, geologic characteristics, resource potential and future challenges of tight oil and shale oil[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 2015, 34(1): 3-17. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KYDH201501002.htm
[2]	NELSON P H. Pore-throat sizes in sandstones, tight sandstones, and shales[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2009, 93(3): 329-340. doi: 10.1306/10240808059
[3]	YAO Jingli, DENG Xiuqin, ZHAO Yande, et al. Characteristics of tight oil in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(2): 161-169. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(13)60019-1
[4]	YANG Ping, GUO Hekun, YANG Daoyong. Determination of residual oil distribution during waterflooding in tight oil formations with NMR relaxometry measurements[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2013, 27(10): 5750-5756.
[5]	WU Heyong, LIANG Xiaodong, XIANG Caifu, et al. Characteristics of petroleum accumulation in syncline of the Songliao Basin and discussion on its accumulation mechanism[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2007, 50(5): 702-709. doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-0031-y
[6]	牛小兵, 冯胜斌, 刘飞, 等. 低渗透致密砂岩储层中石油微观赋存状态与油源关系: 以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组为例[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2013, 34(3): 288-293. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT201303005.htm NIU Xiaobing, FENG Shengbin, LIU Fei, et al. Microscopic occurrence of oil in tight sandstones and its relation with oil sources: a case study from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2013, 34(3): 288-293. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT201303005.htm
[7]	曹喆, 柳广弟, 柳庄小雪, 等. 致密油地质研究现状及展望[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2014, 25(10): 1499-1508. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TDKX201410003.htm CAO Zhe, LIU Guangdi, LIU Zhuangxiaoxue, et al. Research status on tight oil and its prospects[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2014, 25(10): 1499-1508. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TDKX201410003.htm
[8]	付金华, 喻建, 徐黎明, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地致密油勘探开发新进展及规模富集可开发主控因素[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2015, 20(5): 9-19. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KTSY201505002.htm FU Jinhua, YU Jian, XU Liming, et al. New progress in exploration and development of tight oil in Ordos Basin and main controlling factors of large-scale enrichment and exploitable capacity[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2015, 20(5): 9-19. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KTSY201505002.htm
[9]	XI Kelai, CAO Yingchang, HAILE B G, et al. How does the pore-throat size control the reservoir quality and oiliness of tight sandstones?The case of the Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation in the southern Songliao Basin, China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2016, 76: 1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.05.001
[10]	孙龙德, 邹才能, 贾爱林, 等. 中国致密油气发展特征与发展方向[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2019, 46(6): 1-12. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZLX202005006.htm SUN Longde, ZOU Caineng, JIA Ailin, et al. Development characte-ristics and orientation of tight oil and gas in China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2019, 46(6): 1-12. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZLX202005006.htm
[11]	朱如凯, 邹才能, 吴松涛, 等. 中国陆相致密油形成机理与富集规律[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2019, 40(6): 1168-1184. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT201906002.htm ZHU Rukai, ZOU Caineng, WU Songtao, et al. Mechanism for generation and accumulation of continental tight oil in China[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2019, 40(6): 1168-1184. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYYT201906002.htm
[12]	邹才能, 朱如凯, 白斌, 等. 中国油气储层中纳米孔首次发现及其科学价值[J]. 岩石学报, 2011, 27(6): 1857-1864. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB201106024.htm ZOU Caineng, ZHU Rukai, BAI Bin, et al. First discovery of nano-pore throat in oil and gas reservoir in China and its scientific value[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2011, 27(6): 1857-1864. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB201106024.htm
[13]	BAI Bin, ZHU Rukai, WU Songtao, et al. Multi-scale method of Nano (Micro)-CT study on microscopic pore structure of tight sandstone of Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(3): 354-358. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(13)60042-7
[14]	GHANIZADEH A, CLARKSON C R, AQUINO S, et al. Petro-physical and geomechanical characteristics of Canadian tight oil and liquid-rich gas reservoirs: I. Pore network and permeability characterization[J]. Fuel, 2015, 153: 664-681. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.020
[15]	公言杰, 柳少波, 赵孟军, 等. 核磁共振与高压压汞实验联合表征致密油储层微观孔喉分布特征[J]. 石油实验地质, 2016, 38(3): 389-394. doi: 10.11781/sysydz201603389 GONG Yanjie, LIU Shaobo, ZHAO Mengjun, et al. Characterization of micro pore throat radius distribution in tight oil reservoirs by NMR and high pressure mercury injection[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2016, 38(3): 389-394. doi: 10.11781/sysydz201603389
[16]	WANG Minglei, ZHANG Sui'an, ZHANG Fudong, et al. Quantitative research on tight oil microscopic state of Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2015, 42(6): 827-832.
[17]	LI Pan, SUN Wei, WU Bolin, et al. Occurrence characteristics and influential factors of movable fluids in pores with different structures of Chang 6₃ reservoir, Huaqing Oilfield, Ordos Basin, China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2018, 97: 480-492.
[18]	邓亚仁, 任战利, 马文强, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区长8层段致密砂岩储层特征及充注下限[J]. 石油实验地质, 2018, 40(2): 288-294. doi: 10.11781/sysydz201802288 DENG Yaren, REN Zhanli, MA Wenqiang, et al. Reservoir pro-perties and hydrocarbon charging threshold of Chang 8 tight sandstones in Fuxian area, Ordos Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2018, 40(2): 288-294. doi: 10.11781/sysydz201802288
[19]	VNAL İ, ERŞAN M G. Oil agglomeration of a lignite treated with microwave energy: effect of particle size and bridging oil[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2005, 87(1): 71-76.
[20]	CARPENTIER B, ARAB H, PLUCHERY E, et al. Tar mats and residual oil distribution in a giant oil field offshore Abu Dhabi[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2007, 58(3/4): 472-490.
[21]	RAMÍREZ P, STOCCO A, MUÑOZ J, et al. Interfacial rheology and conformations of triblock copolymers adsorbed onto the water-oil interface[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2012, 378(1): 135-143.
[22]	王瑞飞, 孙卫, 杨华. 特低渗透砂岩油藏水驱微观机理[J]. 兰州大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 46(6): 29-33. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LDZK201006007.htm WANG Ruifei, SUN Wei, YANG Hua. Micro mechanism of water drive in ultra-low permeability sandstone reservoir[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 2010, 46(6): 29-33. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LDZK201006007.htm
[23]	贾承造, 邹才能, 李建忠, 等. 中国致密油评价标准、主要类型、基本特征及资源前景[J]. 石油学报, 2012, 33(3): 343-350. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB201203000.htm JIA Chengzao, ZOU Caineng, LI Jianzhong, et al. Assessment criteria, main types, basic features and resource prospects of the tight oil in China[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2012, 33(3): 343-350. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYXB201203000.htm
[24]	TISSOT B P, WELTE D H. Petroleum formation and occurrence: a new approach to oil and gas exploration[M]. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1978.
[25]	CHRISTIANSEN C. X-ray contrast media: an overview[J]. Toxico-logy, 2005, 209(2): 185-187.
[26]	郭继刚, 郭凯, 宫鹏骐, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地延长组储层致密化及其影响下的致密油充注特征[J]. 石油实验地质, 2017, 39(2): 169-179. doi: 10.11781/sysydz201702169 GUO Jigang, GUO Kai, GONG Pengqi, et al. Reservoir densification and tight-oil charging in Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2017, 39(2): 169-179. doi: 10.11781/sysydz201702169
[27]	杨智峰, 曾溅辉, 冯枭, 等. 致密砂岩储层小尺度非均质性与石油富集特征[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2016, 45(1): 119-127. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGKD201601017.htm YANG Zhifeng, ZENG Jianhui, FENG Xiao, et al. Small-scaled heterogeneity of tight sandstone reservoirs and oil accumulation characteristics[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2016, 45(1): 118-127. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGKD201601017.htm
[28]	崔维兰, 韩华峰, 张永, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地靖边油田李家城则地区长6致密油储层微观特征与含油性[J]. 石油实验地质, 2019, 41(3): 390-397. doi: 10.11781/sysydz201903390 CUI Weilan, HAN Huafeng, ZHANG Yong, et al. Microscopic characteristics and oil content of Chang 6 tight sandstone reservoirs in Lijiachengze area, Jingbian Oil Field, Ordos Basin[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2019, 41(3): 390-397. doi: 10.11781/sysydz201903390
[29]	李晓骁, 任晓娟, 罗向荣. 低渗透致密砂岩储层孔隙结构对渗吸特征的影响[J]. 油气地质与采收率, 2018, 25(4): 115-120. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YQCS201804018.htm LI Xiaoxiao, REN Xiaojuan, LUO Xiangrong. Influence of pore structures on the characteristic of spontaneous imbibition in low-permeability tight sandstone reservoir[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2018, 25(4): 115-120. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YQCS201804018.htm
[30]	马勇, 钟宁宁, 程礼军, 等. 渝东南两套富有机质页岩的孔隙结构特征: 来自FIB-SEM的新启示[J]. 石油实验地质, 2015, 37(1): 109-116. doi: 10.11781/sysydz201501109 MA Yong, ZHONG Ningning, CHENG Lijun, et al. Pore structure of two organic-rich shales in southeastern Chongqing area: insight from Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscope (FIBSEM)[J]. Petroleum Geology & Experiment, 2015, 37(1): 109-116. doi: 10.11781/sysydz201501109
[31]	姚泾利, 赵彦德, 邓秀芹, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地延长组致密油成藏控制因素[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2015, 45(4): 983-992. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CCDZ201504002.htm YAO Jingli, ZHAO Yande, DENG Xiuqin, et al. Controlling factors of tight oil reservior in Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2015, 45(4): 983-992. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CCDZ201504002.htm