Insoluble organic matter in source rocks: derived from organic macromolecules in the skeleton, cell wall and shell of organisms
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摘要: 结合超显微有机岩石学等技术的实验分析数据,从生物细胞分子构成及其稳定性的角度来探讨不同类型生物体骨壁壳有机碎屑与优质烃源岩中不溶有机质的关系。烃源岩中有机骨壁壳及其碎屑包括浮游藻类、疑源类、底栖藻类、真菌类和细菌类的细胞壁壳及其碎屑;浮游动物结缔组织的壳骨皮毛腱韧及其碎屑;水生植物及陆生高等植物的细胞壁和细胞骨架及其碎屑。对生物体起支持或保护作用的有机骨壁壳及其有机碎屑主要是由纤维素、几丁质、果胶、肽聚糖等无效碳水化合物和硬蛋白等非活性蛋白质构成,这些生物高分子化学结构稳定,不溶于有机溶剂和水,在优质烃源岩形成过程中以非脂类的不溶有机质形式保存下来,不具备生油能力,高成熟—过成熟早期可具有一定的生烃气能力,烃气转化率一般低于15%,约与Ⅲ型有机质或镜质组生烃能力相当。Abstract: Ultramicroscopic organic petrology analysis and other techniques were used to examine the relationships between organic detritus (from different types of biological skeleton, cell wall and shell) and insoluble organic matter in excellent source rocks from the point of view of molecular structure and stability of biological cells. Previous studies have shown that the organic skeleton, cell wall, shell and detritus in source rocks could be assigned to three main categories: (a) benthic algae, fungi, bacteria, pelagic algae and acritarchs; (b) shell, skin, hair and tendon as the connective tissue of zooplankton; (c) aquatic and vascular plants. The organic detritus playing the role of supporting or protecting the organisms were composed of inactive carbohydrate (e.g., cellulose, chitin, pectin, peptidoglycan) and inactive protein (e.g., scleroprotein). These biopolymers were chemically stable and insoluble in organic solvents and water. They were preserved in the form of insoluble organic matter (nonlipid) during the formation of excellent source rocks but without the ability to generate oil. They had hydrocarbon gas-generating capacity in the highly to early over-mature stage with a general conversion rate of hydrocarbon lower than 15%, which was equivalent to type Ⅲ kerogen or vitrinite.
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图 1 浮游藻类和疑源类纤维质细胞壁及其碎屑扫描电镜照片
a.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组,绿藻类,Botryococcus braunii Krutzing[51];b.甲藻类,Spiniferites sp.[52];c.贵州遵义松林, $ \mathrm{{\rlap{-} C }} $1n,硅藻;d.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组,蓝藻类,Sigmopollis verrucoides Ji sp. nov.[51];e.波罗的海盆地,O3w,具瘤面的疑源类(光面球藻);f.华蓥山,O3w,疑源类(似鱼鳞藻片)
Figure 1. SEM photographs of fibrous cell wall and detritus from planktonic algae and acritarchs
图 2 优质烃源岩中底栖藻类、真菌类和细菌类丝壁壳碎屑扫描电镜照片
a.重庆南川,P2l,底栖红藻,见纹孔;b.贵州遵义,$ \mathrm{{\rlap{-} C }} $1n,富钡藻席,示网眼和丝;c.贵州遵义,$ \mathrm{{\rlap{-} C }} $1n,底栖藻孢子和藻席;d.四川广元长江沟磨刀崖剖面,P2d,黑色页岩,真菌菌丝体;e.QJ-6,硫细菌;f.胞外聚合物(EPS)
Figure 2. SEM photographs of biodetritus from benthic algae, fungi and bacteria in excellent source rocks
表 1 高等植物形成的煤岩(镜质组为主体)常规热压模拟实验综合数据
Table 1. Conventional thermocompression simulation experiment data of coal (mainly vitrinite) formed by vascular plants
模拟温度/℃ VRo/% 总油/(kg·tc-1) 烃气/(kg·tc-1) 原样 0.86 17.45 300 0.93 26.81 1.73 350 1.23 22.02 21.15 400 1.98 13.40 72.47 450 2.76 4.09 110.00 500 3.50 3.16 116.58 550 4.42 1.28 121.34 表 2 不同生物骨壁壳有机碎屑地球化学特征
Table 2. Geochemical characteristics of organic detritus from different organisms (mainly skeleton, cell wall and shell)
地区 层位 分离样品及在干酪根中的占比/% IH/(mg·g-1) S1+S2/(mg·g-1) Tmax/℃ VRo/% w(TOC)/% H/C原子比 城口庙坝 S1l 笔石壳屑(为主) 85 75.54 456 1.20 71.34 石柱漆辽 S1l 笔石壳屑(为主) 1 1.11 602 3.20 69.78 山西浑源 C—P 均质镜质体(94.74) 144 99.74 0.49 65.89 0.80 山西浑源 C—P 惰质体(82.95) 78 54.31 0.49 65.99 0.64 -
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