Origin and significance of wellbore sediment in reservoir development: a case study of well Gaotan 1 in Junggar Basin
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摘要: 油气藏开采过程中出现的井壁沉淀物会产生一系列地质和工程问题。以中国陆上油气勘探最近取得重大突破的准噶尔盆地南缘高探1井为例，针对高温高压条件下原油开采过程中井壁出现的大量黑色固体不溶沉淀物，通过对该沉淀物进行系统的岩石学和地球化学分析，包括族组分、气相色谱、液相色谱、含蜡量及热解实验等，明确了沉淀物的组成，进而探讨了其成因与意义。结果表明，高探1井井壁沉淀物由可溶有机质和泥粉砂质组成，其中可溶有机质主要由沥青质组成，泥粉砂质以细粉砂为主。高探1井原油开采过程中，从地层到井筒，温度和压力迅速下降，其轻质组分优先分逸流出，原油动态稳定体系被破坏，造成溶解于原油中的沥青质析出、絮凝，并吸附在井壁上，在此过程中，井底的泥沙随流体流动混入沥青析出物中，一起长大堆积。这可能是高温高压条件下油气开采过程的普遍现象，需筛选强极性沥青分散剂来增加原油体系稳定性，对已结垢的井筒采用强极性试剂进行化学清洗，增加井底滤网，减少砂泥固体颗粒。Abstract: During the development of oil and gas reservoirs, wellbore sediment will bring a series of problems, so it is important to identify the cause of wellbore sediment. The discovery in well Gaotan 1 is an important milestone in the history of oil and gas exploration in the Junggar Basin. However, with the exploitation of crude oil in this well, a large amount of black solid insoluble sediment blocked the wellbore. The composition of the sediment was clarified by various experimental analysis methods, such as group component analysis, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, wax content analysis and pyrolysis experiments. The results allowed the study of the formation mechanism of the solid-phase sediment in well Gaotan 1 and the development of site control measures. The sediment in well Gaotan 1 is composed of soluble organic matter (mainly asphaltene) and silty sand (mainly fine silt). In the process of crude oil exploitation, the temperature and pressure of crude oil decrease from stratum to wellbore, and the light components in crude oil are preferentially separated and flow out, destroying the dynamic stability of the crude oil, and asphaltene dissolved in the crude oil to precipitate and flocculate, and finally to be adsorbed on the pipe wall. At the same time, silty sand at the bottom of the well is mixed with the asphalt precipitate with fluid flow, and grows with asphalt precipitate. This may be a common phenomenon in the oil and gas production process under high temperature and high pressure conditions. It is necessary to choose strong polar asphalt dispersants to increase the stability of the crude oil system, and use strong polar reagents for chemical cleaning of the scaled wellbore. More bottom hole filters are required to reduce sand and mud solid particles.
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图 1 准噶尔盆地高探1井井壁沉淀物热解实验
Figure 1. Pyrolysis experiment of wellbore sediment in well Gaotan 1, Junggar Basin
图 2 准噶尔盆地高探1井井壁沉淀物与岩屑显微镜下特征对比
Figure 2. Microscopic characteristics comparison of wellbore sediments and debris in well Gaotan 1, Junggar Basin
图 3 准噶尔盆地高探1井井壁沉淀物熔解实验
Figure 3. Melting experiment of wellbore sediments in well Gaotan 1, Junggar Basin
图 4 准噶尔盆地高探1井井壁沉淀物不同溶剂溶解液气相色谱(a，b)和水相液相色谱(c，d)
Figure 4. Gas chromatograms(a, b) and aqueous liquid chromatograms(c, d) of different solvent dissolved wellbore sediments in well Gaotan 1, Junggar Basin
表 1 准噶尔盆地南缘高探1井地面原油物性及族组分特征
Table 1. Physical properties and family composition characteristics of oil from well Gaotan 1 on the southern margin of Junggar Basin
取样日期 饱和烃/% 芳烃/% 胶质/% 沥青质/% 含水/% 密度/(g·cm-3) 含蜡/% 析蜡点/℃ 黏度/mPa·s 20 ℃ 30 ℃ 50 ℃ 1月4日 70.28 14.15 8.02 7.55 0.373 0.814 4 7.42 19.20 4.2 3.4 2.4 1月14日 65.01 20.00 10.83 4.17 0.161 0.807 8 6.77 18.30 5.6 3.4 2.3 1月22日 80.00 13.75 5.00 1.24 0.012 0.819 9 7.12 3.6 3.0 2.2 1月30日 68.88 16.60 6.22 8.30 0.083 0.813 4 6.54 3.6 2.8 2.1 2月7日 75.28 16.35 5.32 3.04 0.012 0.818 4 7.29 3.5 2.8 2.0 3月7日 76.68 16.60 4.74 1.97 0.104 0.817 0 7.34 4.0 3.2 2.2 3月10日 78.77 15.47 3.95 1.80 0.125 0.822 8 6.26 4.7 3.6 2.2 7月1日 73.61 18.06 6.48 1.85 0.012 0.828 5 8.01 18.60 4.6 3.6 2.5 7月2日 71.91 20.00 6.38 1.71 0.012 0.827 7 7.50 18.05 4.7 3.7 2.6 7月3日 68.91 19.17 7.25 4.67 0.012 0.828 4 7.84 17.80 4.7 3.8 2.6 7月4日 73.61 17.47 5.95 2.97 0.012 0.828 6 7.46 16.75 4.6 3.7 2.6 注：取样年份为2019年(表 4同)，密度为20 ℃时测定值。 
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表 2 准噶尔盆地高探1井井壁沉淀物中有机质在不同极性有机溶剂中的溶解情况
Table 2. Dissolving ability of different polar organic solvents for organic matter in wellbore sediments in well Gaotan 1, Junggar Basin
溶剂 溶剂油 石油醚 正己烷 二甲苯 二氯甲烷 三氯甲烷 溶剂极性 0.01 0.06 2.5 3.4 4.4 溶解率/% 48.36 50 54.94 100 100 100
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表 3 准噶尔盆地高探1井井壁沉淀物中有机质在不同温度下熔解实验
Table 3. Melting experiments of organic matter in wellbore sediments in well Gaotan 1, Junggar Basin
温度/℃ 状态描述 25 固体，块状，质地黏软 40 轻微沾壁 45 稍熔，沾壁 50 部分样品开始软化 55 全部软化，呈软坨状 60 有少量流动油液 70 流动油液增多 80 全部熔解，呈拉丝状 90 全部熔解，可流动，有光泽感 降至室温后 重新凝固，黑色光亮细腻状
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表 4 准噶尔盆地高探1井井壁沉淀物中有机质族组分特征
Table 4. Composition of organic matter in wellbore sediments in well Gaotan 1, Junggar Basin
% 取样日期 取样点 序号 饱和烃 芳烃 胶质 沥青质 1月17日 井口处 第一组 38.08 12.21 5.52 44.20 第二组 39.41 11.73 6.19 42.67 3月30日 1 400 m 第一组 12.88 9.09 4.17 73.86 第二组 11.76 8.46 3.67 76.10 4月1日 2 800 m 第一组 20.48 5.11 2.36 72.05 第二组 20.08 4.18 2.93 72.81
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