Discovery and significance of Cretaceous-Paleogene freshwater foraminifera in Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin
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摘要: 前人认为苏北-南黄海盆地泰二段、阜二段和阜四段所含的有孔虫等“海相”化石为海侵带来的生物和湖水咸化的生物。但研究发现，有孔虫多不在上述层段；“海相”化石不集中出现，围岩不含膏盐；古气候、古水文不支持湖水咸化。经地层对比证实，97枚有孔虫产自4个新层系，其余3枚在阜二段。海侵源头古东海洋不存在，无海相化石，各门“海相”生物为可生活在淡水中的广盐性分子；晚白垩世-古近纪，湖侵期古气候湿润、古湖泊水深，水域无法咸化；海绿石、磷灰石和微量元素等无法区分海、陆相；不同的广盐性生物多单独繁盛，并与大量的淡水生物共生，围岩相带无膏盐。据此认为，本区各门广盐性生物为淡水古生态，有孔虫在淡水环境可生存，3期区域湖侵不存在湖水咸化现象；中国中-新生代陆相盆地大规模优质烃源岩主要是淡水湖泊沉积的，可提供极其丰富的油气资源。Abstract: In previous studies, the "marine facies" fossils in the second member of Taizhou Formation and the second and fourth members of Funing Formation of the Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin were generally considered to be organisms associated with transgression and organisms that lived in saline lakes. However, after reviewing the data, this theory proved to be wrong: most of the foraminifera do not exist in the above mentioned members. The distributions of "marine facies" fossils are not concentrated, and the surrounding rocks do not contain gypsum-salt. The evidence of paleoclimate and paleohydrology is also contrary to lake salinization theory. Formation comparison results show that 97 foraminifera are from 4 new strata, and the remaining 3 are in the second member of Funing Formation. The source of transgression, the ancient East China Sea, does not exist, and there are no marine fossils here. The "marine facies" fossils found here are all euryhaline organisms that can also live in fresh water. During the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene lake invasion period, the ancient climate was humid and the ancient lake was deep, and the water could not be salinized. Glauconite, apatite and trace elements cannot be used as a criterion for distinguishing between marine and terrestrial facies. Different types of euryhaline organisms are usually flourishing separately, and co-exist with a large number of freshwater organisms; meanwhile, the surrounding rocks do not contain gypsum-salt. According to the evidence above, the euryhaline organisms in this area are interpreted to live in freshwater, since foraminifera can live in a freshwater environment, and there was no water salinization in the three stages, of regional lake invasion. The large scale, high quality source rocks in Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial basins in China are mainly freshwater lacustrine sediments, which can provide rich oil and gas resources.
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Key words:
- foraminifera /
- non-marine fossil /
- lacustrine facies /
- Cretaceous /
- Paleogene /
- freshwater source rocks /
- Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin
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图 1 苏北－南黄海盆地构造纲要及与东海盆地的关系
Figure 1. Structural outline of Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin and its relationship with East China Sea Basin
图 3 苏北盆地古近纪有孔虫产地与沉积体系关系
Figure 3. Relationship between foraminifera production places and sedimentary system during Paleogene, Subei Basin
表 1 苏北盆地有孔虫实际资料
Table 1. Foraminifera data in Subei Basin
据何炎[11]、李道琪[26]、王仪诚[29-30] 本文 井号 深度/m 层位 数量/枚 化石名称 层位 化石沉积环境 新仪1 525 E1f4 4 Nonion sorachiense(空地诺宁虫)；Discorbis sp. Protelphidium? sp.(先希望虫(未定种)) E2s2 河流泛滥平原 洪2 492~498 E1f4 3 Discorbis? sp.(圆盘虫？(未定种)) E2d2 辫状三角洲平原 盱3 1 118~1 120 E1f2 1 Discorbis sp. E1f 2 2 浅湖碳酸盐滩坝 东65 1 305.9 E1f2 1 保存较差 E1f 2 2 浅湖碳酸盐滩坝 卞3 1 568.42 E1f2 1 保存较差 E1f 3 2 浅湖砂质滩坝 钦28 793.5~806 E1f2 80 D. alabamensis(阿拉巴马圆盘虫)；N. sorachienseN.sp.； P. hofkeri(霍夫克先希望虫)，P. sp. Rosalina mauricensis(毛里塞玫瑰虫) E1f 1 1 三角洲前缘 黄3 896.2~901.5 E1f2/ K2t2 10 D. inornatus(无饰圆盘虫)；D. cf. ocalana(阿卡拉圆盘虫比较种) R. sphaeruligera(球室玫瑰虫)，R. sp. K2p3 滨浅湖 注：黄3井有孔虫文献[11, 29-30]置阜二段，文献[8, 26]置泰二段。 
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表 2 苏北盆地微体浮游藻类属种统计
Table 2. Microplankton species in Subei Basin
层位 沟鞭藻 疑源类 绿藻类 E1f4 4属4种 1属2种 2属3种 E1f3 5属7种 5属9种 3属4种 E1f2 6属7种 4属7种 2属3种 E1f1 1属1种 1属1种 1属1种 K2t2 2属2种 1属2种 2属2种 合计 8属10种 6属10种 3属4种
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