Exploration prospect of shale gas with Permian transitional facies of some key areas in China
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摘要: 我国海陆过渡相页岩气勘探至今仍未取得较大的突破。通过对重点地区二叠系海陆过渡相页岩的分布特征、有机地球化学特征和储集特征等方面的研究，并与海相和陆相页岩进行对比，分析预测了我国海陆过渡相页岩气的勘探前景。中国海陆过渡相页岩分布面积大，但具有单层厚度薄、岩性变化快的特点；干酪根类型以Ⅲ型为主，除碳质泥岩外，页岩总有机碳含量整体偏低，生烃潜力最小；孔隙类型以无机质孔和微裂缝为主，有机孔不发育，孔体积和比表面积低于海相页岩，储集空间相对不足，气体吸附能力较差；泥页岩黏土矿物含量极高、脆性矿物较少，低孔低渗，储层物性差，不利于后期开发。研究表明，海相页岩仍是页岩气最有利的勘探区域，海陆过渡相页岩气勘探前景在某些方面不如演化程度高的陆相页岩气。Abstract: The shale gas exploration of marine-continental transitional facies in China has not yet gained a significant success. To analyze and predict the exploration prospect of transitional shale gas, the distribution, organic geochemical and reservoir characteristics of transitional shale in some key areas of China were compared. The transitional shale is widely distributed in China and is characterized by the thin thickness of single layer and the rapid variation of lithology. The kerogens of transitional shale are mainly of type Ⅲ. Except for carbonaceous mudstone, the total organic content is generally low, and the hydrocarbon generation potential is the lowest. The dominant pore types of transitional shale are inorganic pores and micro-fractures, while the organic pores on the other hand were not developed. The pore volume and pore specific surface area of transitional shale are lower than those of marine shale, the reservoir space is relatively insufficient, and the gas adsorption capacity is poor. Transitional shale has a remarkable high content of clay minerals, less brittle minerals, low porosity and permeability, and poor reservoir physical properties indicating unconducive for the late-stage development. Results show that marine shale is still the most favorable area for shale gas exploration, and the exploration prospect of shale gas in transitional facies may not be regarded as good as that of continental shale gas which has a higher thermal mature degree in some aspects.
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Key words:
- mud shale /
- shale gas /
- marine-continental transitional face /
- exploration prospect /
- China
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表 1 中国重点地区海陆过渡相页岩分布
Table 1. Distribution of marine-continental transitional strata of some key areas in China
地层 层段 埋深/m 页岩厚度/m 面积/104 km2 分布地区 北方石炭系—二叠系 山西组 500~2 500 50~180 20~30 华北地区 太原组 南方二叠系 龙潭组 1 500~4 500 20~200 30~50 扬子及滇黔桂地区 梁山组 1 000~3 000 30~300 2 上扬子及滇黔桂地区 小江边组 300~4 000 50~350 萍乐坳陷 
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表 2 中国重点地区不同类型页岩的分布地区及参数
Table 2. Distribution areas and parameters of different types of shale strata of some key areas in China
类型 地层 层段 埋深/m 页岩厚度/m 面积/104 km2 分布地区 海相 石炭系 德坞组—大塘组 50~100 6 滇黔桂 泥盆系 罗富组 100~600 13 滇黔桂、湘西—湘南 志留系 五峰组—龙马溪组 1 600~4 200 30~700 42 扬子区 奥陶系 大乘寺组 20~100 3 上扬子西部 寒武系 牛蹄塘组 2 600~4 600 100~700 30~50 扬子区 震旦系 陡山沱组 2 000~5 000 10~100 15 上扬子东部—中扬子西部 海陆过渡相 侏罗系 水西沟组 >450 50~600 0.3~0.5 吐哈盆地 侏罗系 西山窑组 350~1 500 350~400 2.0~3.0 准噶尔盆地 侏罗系 克孜勒努尔组 300~800 7.0~9.0 塔里木盆地 石炭系—二叠系 龙潭组 1 500~4 500 20~200 30.0~50.0 扬子地区 山西组，太原组 500~3 500 50~180 20.0~30.0 华北地区 滴水泉组 1 300~2 500 200~450 2.0~3.0 准噶尔盆地 陆相 三叠系 延长组 600~800 50~100 4.0~5.0 鄂尔多斯盆地 白垩系 沙河子组 630~4 000 20~160 4.0~5.0 松辽盆地 侏罗系 自流井组大安寨段 3 800~4 500 30~130 0.3~5.0 四川盆地 古近系 沙河街组 80~2 300 700~2 500 0.8~1.0 辽河凹陷 古近系 沙河街组 2 000~2 500 700~2 500 1.0~1.5 黄骅坳陷 古近系 沙河街组 220~1 300 700~2 500 1.2~1.5 济阳坳陷 古近系—新近系 干柴沟组 1 500~4 000 50~500 0.3~3.5 柴达木盆地
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表 3 中国重点地区不同类型页岩储层的有机地球化学参数[19-30]
Table 3. Organic geochemical parameters of different types of shale reservoirs of some key areas in China
页岩类型 地层 地区 ω(TOC)/% Ro/% 干酪根类型 海相 震旦系陡山陀组 湘西北地区 $\frac{0.52 \sim 6.79}{2.25}$ $\frac{2.38 \sim 2.87}{2.56}$ Ⅰ 寒武系牛蹄塘组 川西南地区 $\frac{1.69 \sim 3.57}{2.51}$ $\frac{\text { 大于} 3.20}{4.21}$ Ⅰ 志留系龙马溪组 川西地区 $\frac{1.45 \sim 4.47}{2.70}$ $\frac{2.47 \sim 2.96}{2.75}$ Ⅰ—Ⅱ1 贵州地区 $\frac{2.00 \sim 6.00}{3.50}$ $\frac{1.45 \sim 4.47}{2.70}$ Ⅰ—Ⅱ1 川东南彭水地区 $\frac{1.20 \sim 6.46}{3.27}$ Ⅰ—Ⅱ1 四川盆地及周缘 $\frac{1.18 \sim 6.21}{2.64}$ $\frac{2.30 \sim 2.80}{2.54}$ Ⅰ—Ⅱ1 二叠系大隆组 湘中、川东北地区 $\frac{0.45 \sim 10.47}{3.91}$ $\frac{1.63 \sim 1.72}{1.69}$ Ⅰ—Ⅱ1 寒武系九门冲组 川中—黔北、
渝东—鄂西—黔南地区$\frac{1.39 \sim 5.10}{3.10}$ $\frac{2.67 \sim 3.29}{3.26}$ 海陆过渡相 二叠系太原组 沁水盆地 $\frac{0.36 \sim 3.94}{1.89}$ $\frac{1.06 \sim 2.44}{2.01}$ Ⅱ 鄂尔多斯盆地 $\frac{0.14 \sim 5.25}{2.44}$ $\frac{3.22 \sim 3.23}{3.22}$ Ⅱ1—Ⅲ 南华北盆地 $\frac{0.88 \sim 3.76}{3.32}$ Ⅱ1—Ⅲ 二叠系山西组 沁水盆地 $\frac{0.43 \sim 6.42}{2.07}$ $\frac{1.26 \sim 2.43}{1.92}$ Ⅱ1 鄂尔多斯盆地 $\frac{0.06 \sim 3.13}{1.96}$ $\frac{2.63 \sim 2.68}{2.66}$ Ⅱ—Ⅲ 南华北盆地 $\frac{0.76 \sim 5.09}{2.07}$ 0.43~7.80 Ⅱ—Ⅲ 二叠系龙潭组 四川盆地 $\frac{0.80 \sim 35.7}{7.51}$ $\frac{1.96 \sim 2.40}{2.22}$ Ⅱ—Ⅲ 贵州地区 $\frac{0.53 \sim 17.30}{6.07}$ $\frac{1.57 \sim 2.66}{2.45}$ Ⅲ 湘中及湘东南地区 $\frac{1.02 \sim 16.40}{3.54}$ 1.20 ~ 2.10 Ⅱ—Ⅲ 陆相 三叠系延长组 鄂尔多斯盆地 6.00 ~ 22.00 0.90 ~ 1.16 Ⅰ—Ⅱ1 白垩系青山口组 松辽盆地 0.50 ~ 4.50 0.60 ~ 1.20 Ⅰ—Ⅱ1 三叠系须家河组 四川盆地 1.00 ~ 4.00 1.58 ~ 2.42 Ⅰ—Ⅱ1 侏罗系自流井组 川东北元坝地区 $\frac{0.33 \sim 3.33}{1.05}$ $\frac{1.47 \sim 1.82}{1.69}$ Ⅰ—Ⅱ1 川东北涪陵地区 $\frac{0.48 \sim 3.78}{1.42}$ $\frac{1.11 \sim 1.54}{1.30}$ Ⅰ—Ⅱ1 白垩系营城组 松辽盆地南部 $\frac{0.32 \sim 3.55}{1.12}$ $\frac{0.91 \sim 1.11}{1.02}$ Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2 白垩系沙河子组 松辽盆地南部 $\frac{0.62 \sim 4.63}{2.70}$ $\frac{2.06 \sim 2.35}{2.25}$ Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2 白垩系火石岭组 松辽盆地南部 $\frac{0.49 \sim 9.74}{2.97}$ $\frac{0.99 \sim 1.17}{1.08}$ Ⅱ1 注：表中分式意义为$\frac{\text { 最小值~ 最大值}}{\text { 平均值}}$，后面表中意义相同。
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表 4 中国重点地区不同类型页岩储层的矿物组分[19-30]
Table 4. Mineral composition of different types of shale reservoirs of some key areas in China
页岩类型 层位 地区 全岩定量分析/% 黏土矿物 石英 长石 碳酸盐矿物 黄铁矿 赤铁矿 海相 牛蹄塘组 川西南地区 $\frac{19.8 \sim 43.0}{31.0}$ $\frac{29.4 \sim 46.1}{36.6}$ $\frac{17.9 \sim 27.8}{22.0}$ $\frac{6.5 \sim 8.5}{7.5}$ $\frac{3.3 \sim 5.5}{4.4}$ 五峰组—龙马溪组 渝东南地区 $\frac{15.7 \sim 44.5}{29.6}$ $\frac{34.0 \sim 70.9}{48.4}$ $\frac{4.4 \sim 19.6}{9.70}$ $\frac{4.6 \sim 14.4}{8.6}$ 川西南地区 $\frac{12.4 \sim 57.0}{41.1}$ $\frac{29.4 \sim 72.0}{45.6}$ $\frac{2.7 \sim 7.5}{5.4}$ $\frac{8.1 \sim 17.7}{10.4}$ $\frac{1.5 \sim 3.6}{2.8}$ 贵州北部 $\frac{44.0 \sim 69.1}{59.9}$ $\frac{18.3 \sim 44.0}{28.3}$ $\frac{3.3 \sim 12.6}{6.8}$ $\frac{8.9 \sim 15.8}{11.1}$ $\frac{1.5 \sim 3.6}{2.8}$ 大隆组 下扬子宣城地区 $\frac{24.0 \sim 50.0}{36.0}$ $\frac{33.0 \sim 51.0}{40.3}$ $\frac{3.0 \sim 11.0}{6.1}$ $\frac{0 \sim 26.0}{11.3}$ $\frac{4.0 \sim 8.0}{6.2}$ 湘中、川东北 $\frac{20.0 \sim 30.0}{22.4}$ $\frac{10.0 \sim 53.0}{35.1}$ 4.5 15.0~35.0 孤峰组 下扬子宣城地区 $\frac{0 \sim 40.0}{21.0}$ $\frac{33.0 \sim 97.0}{65.0}$ $\frac{0 \sim 7.0}{3.0}$ $\frac{0 \sim 10.0}{5.4}$ $\frac{0 \sim 18.0}{4.7}$ 九门冲组 川中—黔北、渝东—鄂西—黔南地区 $\frac{10.0 \sim 30.0}{20.2}$ $\frac{17.0 \sim 65.0}{52.3}$ 12.6 0~9.0 海陆过渡相 山西组 鄂尔多斯盆地 $\frac{20.0 \sim 96.0}{57.5}$ $\frac{4.0 \sim 80.0}{39.9}$ $\frac{0.3 \sim 3.0}{1.3}$ 沁水盆地 $\frac{50.0 \sim 63.0}{58.0}$ $\frac{36.0 \sim 48.0}{40.8}$ $\frac{1.0 \sim 2.0}{1.2}$ 太原组 鄂尔多斯盆地 $\frac{4.0 \sim 94.0}{50.7}$ $\frac{4.0 \sim 96.0}{45.9}$ $\frac{0.5 \sim 16.6}{5.3}$ 沁水盆地 $\frac{53.0 \sim 62.0}{56.6}$ $\frac{38.0 \sim 44.0}{40.2}$ $\frac{1.0 \sim 8.0}{3.2}$ 龙潭组 四川盆地 $\frac{20.3 \sim 92.3}{61.9}$ $\frac{6.3 \sim 65.7}{27.7}$ 贵州地区 41.4 47.8 湘中及湘东南地区 $\frac{25.0 \sim 41.0}{35.0}$ $\frac{59.0 \sim 75.0}{65.0}$ $\frac{23.0 \sim 50.0}{38.0}$ 陆相 须家河组 四川盆地川西坳陷须五段 43.2 42.5 8.1 6.2 四川盆地川西坳陷 25.0 63.1 6.7 5.2 四川盆地川北、川东北—川中一带 49.5 31.9 18.0 0.6 四川盆地川西LD1井 47.0 45.0 2.8 5.2 四川盆地川南地区 61.5 34.5 3.9 0.1 自流井组 四川盆地川东北地区 $\frac{26.0 \sim 64.0}{46.8}$ $\frac{17.6 \sim 49.4}{24.9}$ $\frac{1.0 \sim 6.1}{2.4}$ $\frac{3.0 \sim 50.6}{21.6}$ 1.7 1.1 营城组、沙河子组、火石岭组 松辽盆地南部 $\frac{10.4 \sim 59.4}{39.9}$
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表 5 中国重点地区不同类型页岩储层的孔渗参数[29-30]
Table 5. Porosity and permeability parameters of different types of shale reservoirs of some key areas in China
页岩类型 层位 地区 孔隙度/% 渗透率/10-3 μm2 海相 牛蹄塘组 川西南地区 1.46~2.61 0.02 五峰组—龙马溪组 四川盆地及周缘 $\frac{1.00 \sim 5.00}{4.95}$ 0.01 震旦系陡山陀组 湘西北地区 $\frac{0.60 \sim 8.70}{3.90}$ < 0.04 海陆过渡相 山西组 鄂尔多斯盆地 $\frac{0.28 \sim 5.00}{2.30}$ $\frac{0.001 \sim 0.70}{0.04}$ 沁水盆地 2.15~6.95 0.000 4~0.60 太原组 鄂尔多斯盆地 0.50~16.60 沁水盆地 $\frac{0.40 \sim 5.46}{1.66}$ 龙潭组 湘中坳陷 $\frac{0.54 \sim 5.15}{1.42}$ $\frac{0.003\; 87 \sim 0.006\; 77}{0.005\; 38}$ 黔西 $\frac{2.16 \sim 4.26}{3.38}$ $\frac{0.000\; 4 \sim 6.61}{0.003\; 7}$ 陆相 自流井组 四川盆地川东北地区 $\frac{1.50 \sim 6.70}{3.90}$ 0.12~0.50 沙河子组 松辽盆地南部 $\frac{0.50 \sim 3.90}{2.55}$ $\frac{0.000\; 25 \sim 0.439}{0.092}$
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Table 6. Pore characterization parameters of shale reservoirs of some key areas in China
页岩类型 层位 孔体积比例/% 总孔体积/
(mL·g-1)孔比表面积比例/% 总孔比表面积/
(m2·g-1)微孔 中孔 宏孔 微孔 中孔 宏孔 海相 牛蹄塘组 22.27 62.61 15.12 0.03 60.10 39.84 0.05 29.09 龙马溪组 16.30 66.34 17.36 0.03 54.85 45.09 0.05 24.08 海陆过渡相 山西组 16.87 49.50 33.64 0.01 51.94 47.98 0.08 10.54 太原组 15.79 43.27 40.94 0.01 8.97 陆相 延长组 10.53 66.91 22.55 0.01 11.54 须家河组 15.16 64.93 19.91 0.01 51.41 33.09 15.51 11.45
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表 7 中国重点地区不同类型页岩储层的等温吸附参数
Table 7. Isothermal adsorption parameters of different types of shale reservoirs of some key areas in China
页岩类型 分布地区 地层 样品编号 单位TOC兰格缪尔体积/(m3·t-1) 30 ℃ 50 ℃ 海相 四川盆地 龙马溪组 PY1-12 1.25 0.91 海陆过渡相 黔西地区 龙潭组 HV3-1 0.60 0.35 陆相 鄂尔多斯盆地 延安组 J601-1 0.76 0.63
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