石油双机耦合成因假说与意义

罗群; 贾春; 欧光习; 梁光河; 刘银河; 曾普胜; 陈佳宇; 崔倩

doi:10.11781/sysydz202103487

石油双机耦合成因假说与意义

doi: 10.11781/sysydz202103487

1.
中国石油大学(北京), 北京 102249
2.
四川省地质矿产勘查开发局一〇九地质队, 成都 610100
3.
核工业北京地质研究院, 北京 100020
4.
中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 北京 100020
5.
中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083
6.
中国地质科学院, 北京 100032

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41672118

国家科技重大专项 2017ZX05035-002

中国石油大学（北京）—中国石油战略合作科技专项 ZLZX2020-01-06

详细信息

作者简介:
罗群(1963-), 男, 博士, 教授, 从事非常规油气成藏与地质评价研究。E-mail: luoqun2002@263.net

中图分类号: TE122.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-05-25
- 修回日期: 2021-03-15
- 刊出日期: 2021-05-28

Hypothesis of organic-inorganic coupling causes for petroleum generation and its significance

1.
China University of Petroleum(Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
2.
109 Geological Team, Sichuan Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau, Chengdu, Sichuan 610100, China
3.
Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing 100020, China
4.
Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100020, China
5.
Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China
6.
Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100032, China

摘要

摘要: 明确油气的成因及其分布具有重要的理论与现实意义。针对目前石油成因研究中的关键科学问题，以全球构造学、石油地质学的一般原理为指导，对各种石油成因假说进行梳理、融合和集成创新，形成了石油的双机（有机—无机）耦合成因假说框架。其主要观点是，石油（或天然气）是一种多成因的可再生资源，储量巨大。石油的形成与分布是盆地与地幔隆起、深部流体与浅部流体、有机生烃机制与无机生烃机制、深大断裂与封盖条件4对成烃成藏要素相互耦合的结果。双机耦合程度越好，油气越丰富。盆地及其基底以下区域是耦合程度最好的领域，其次是盆地周边区域封盖条件较好的深大断裂发育区；深大断裂与封盖条件的匹配是控制油气聚集的重要因素；长期、多期或近期活跃的深大断裂发育区封盖条件好的大型圈闭，是最可能取得重大勘探突破的区域。
- 石油 /
- 有机成因 /
- 无机成因 /
- 双机耦合成因 /
- 假说 /
- 勘探观念
Abstract: It has important theoretical and practical significance to clarify the causes and distribution of oil and gas. This paper focused on the key scientific issues in the current petroleum genesis research, guided by the general principles of global tectonics and petroleum geology. Various petroleum genesis hypotheses have been sorted out, merged, integrated and innovated, thus a hypothesis framework of organic-inorganic coupling causes for petroleum was introduced. The main factors are that oil (including natural gas) is a renewable resource with multiple origins and has huge reserves. The formation and distribution of petroleum is the result of the coupling of four pairs of hydrocarbon-forming factors, including basin and mantle uplift, deep and shallow fluids, organic and inorganic hydrocarbon generation mechanisms, deep faults and sealing conditions. The higher degree of organic-inorganic cause coupling indicates the richer the oil and gas. The basin and the area below its basement are the locations with the best degree of coupling, followed by the deep and large fault development areas with good sealing conditions in the surrounding areas of the basin. The matching of deep and large faults with sealing conditions is an important factor constraining hydrocarbon accumulation. Large-scale traps with good sealing conditions in long-term, multi-period or recent active deep and large fault development areas are the most favorable targets for major exploration successes.
- petroleum /
- organic cause /
- inorganic cause /
- organic-inorganic coupling causes /
- hypothesis /
- exploration concept

HTML全文

图 1 中国大陆的油气双机耦合成烃成藏模式

Figure 1. Hydrocarbon generation and accumulation models showing the coupling of organic-inorganic causes, mainland of China

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图 2 油气的有机—无机(双机)耦合成烃成藏机理与烃类分布模式

Figure 2. Hydrocarbon generation and accumulation mechanism with the coupling of organic and inorganic causes, and hydrocarbon distribution pattern

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图 3 中国大陆、近海油气盆地与深大断裂、无机烃藏预测示意

据参考文献[51]修改。

Figure 3. Prediction of oil and gas basins and deep faults and inorganic hydrocarbon reservoirs in mainland and offshore of China

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图 4 松辽盆地昌德气田芳深1井无机成因气藏与芳深5井有机成因气藏成藏模式

Figure 4. Gas accumulation pattern with inorganic cause in well Fangshen 1 and organic cause in well Fangshen 5, Changde Gas Field, Songliao Basin

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表 1 石油成因主要学说简况^[2-21]

Table 1. Summary of main causes for petroleum

学派	主要人物	学说	核心观点	时间
无机成因说	门捷列夫^[2]	碳化铁生烃说	石油是地下深处的重金属碳化物与下渗水相互作用生成的	1876
	索可洛夫^[3]	宇宙说	随着地球不断冷却，地球诞生时被吸收的碳氢化合物逐渐冷凝埋藏在地壳中形成石油	1889
	沃里沃夫斯基^[3]	费—托合成说	地幔脱气生成的CO₂、CO、H₂沿玄武岩的破裂带上升到超基性的蛇纹岩带，发生著名的费—托合成反应，形成烃类	1930
	库得梁采夫^[4-5]	岩浆成因说	石油是基性岩浆在冷却过程中C、H元素在高温高压条件下合成的碳氢化合物	1949
	ROBINSON^[6]	费—托合成说	地球上原始石油可能是在20亿年前通过费—托合成反应而生成	1963
	耶兰斯基^[6]	蛇纹石化成油理论	蛇纹石化作用多发生在地壳深部的坳陷，蛇纹石化生成的油气沿裂隙升入沉积岩中形成油藏	1966
	GOLD^[7]	地幔脱气说	在地球深部存在大量甲烷，这些气体可通过断裂、火山活动得到释放，在断裂附近形成无机成因的油气藏	1982
	杜乐天^[8-9]	烃碱幔汁说	烃碱幔汁流体是HACONS流体，油气是由“幔汁”从地球深部带来的。幔汁中的C-H系统才是油气的主要来源	1988
	李扬鉴^[9]	大陆层控构造理论	严重缺氢的干酪根演变成氢含量非常丰富的烃，氢来自地球深部，干酪根生烃的主要能量也来自地球深部	1996
	罗群^[10]	深大断裂说	断裂输导地幔脱气带各类成因的无机烃向上运移，并聚集在沿深大断裂带分布的各类圈闭中形成无机烃藏	1998
	刘先志^[11]	地下放电放光说	石油、天然气是地下无机物因地下放电放光合成形成的	2006
	徐晓宁^[12]	二氧化碳基源学说	高温高压下，CO₂能够很容易地与H₂反应，生成CH₄	2012
	张景廉^{[5, 13]}	油气深部起源说	在传统干酪根晚期降解生烃学说划定的油气“经济死亡线”以下(地球深部)，油气仍有很高的热力学稳定性	2013
	周宁超^[14]	成因模式说	提出了3种无机成因油气成因模式：“缺花岗岩”型盆地油气模式、板块俯冲带油气模式和洋中脊热液油气模式	2014
	虞震东^[15]	地下核燃烧学	地下核燃烧导致碳元素和地下水自动发生化学反应，生成大量的碳氢氧化合物	2016
	崔永强^[9]	幔源油气理论	以烃类为主的挥发分和以钾钠为主的碱金属两大类组分构成了地幔烃碱流体；烃类组分进入圈闭形成油气藏	2017
有机成因说	罗蒙诺索夫^{[1, 3, 16]}	蒸馏说	石油是煤在地热作用下干馏产生的	1763
	美国学者^[4]	海相生油说	石油都形成于海相地层中，由动物、植物死亡后的遗体经过高温高压作用形成的	19世纪
	潘钟祥等^{[4, 17]}	陆相生油说	石油可以在淡水沉积物中生成，陆相生油是多期次的，而且可能形成油田	1941
二元—多元成因说	罗志立^[18]	地裂运动控烃说	地裂盆地可以富集由有机物质演化而成的油气，也可以接纳无机成因的深层油气资源	1991
	何志高^[19]	二元碳酸盐决定论	湿封闭体系微生物和碳酸盐主导生油，没有碳酸盐古物源沉积物的任何沉积盆地都不可能有石油	2000
	陈发亮^[20]	二元—元素循环说	石油和天然气只是元素循环过程中的一种中间产物，其生成是多方面的而没有一个统一的模式	2001
	滕吉文^[21]	双机混合成因说	承认在以有机物成油为主体的前提下，无机物亦可生成部分石油	2017
	郭占谦^[7]	多元成因说	石油、天然气的生成具有一次性与可再生的两种属性；有机生烃、无机生烃与混合生烃3种机制	2008

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表 2 石油无机成因论与有机成因论的主要证据与缺陷

Table 2. Main evidences and defects of inorganic and organic cause theories for petroleum

无机成因论		有机成因论
证据	缺陷	证据	缺陷
(1)不含生物的地层或盆地外地层中也能找到石油。 (2)油气和热液矿床共处于统一的共生序列中。 (3)现代火山活动有大量烃类物质喷出。 (4)实验室用无机物模拟出了石油(费—托合成烃实验)。 (5)许多天体中存在碳氢化合物	(1)不能直接指导油气勘探。 (2)多以化学反应结果为依据，缺少实际地质材料。 (3)在中国还没有发现一个商业无机成因油气藏。 (4)学说繁多，大多相互割裂，甚至矛盾，不统一。 (5)不能解释石油中含大量生物标志化合物	(1)99%油气藏都存在于沉积盆地之中。 (2)99%油气藏都是通过有机成因论指导找到的。 (3)石油中含有生物标记化合物，有旋光性。 (4)干酪根热模拟实验获得烃类物质	(1)不能解释巨量石油的来源，与生物数量不匹配。 (2)不能解释严重缺氢的干酪根演变成氢含量非常丰富的烃，氢从何来？ (3)有些陨石中的石油也发现含有生物标记化合物，有旋光性。 (4)干酪根生烃热解模拟实验的热解产物在组成上与天然原油、天然气的组成差异很大。 (5)不能解释镜质体反射率R_o值为3.0%、温度超过300 ℃时，仍有液态烃的存在

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