断裂封闭性研究现状及发展趋势

丁文龙; 刘天顺; 曹自成; 李海英; 韩俊; 黄诚; 王生晖

doi:10.11781/sysydz202404647

断裂封闭性研究现状及发展趋势

doi: 10.11781/sysydz202404647

丁文龙^{1, 2, 3,},
刘天顺^{1, 2, 3, ,},
曹自成⁴,
李海英⁴,
韩俊⁴,
黄诚⁴,
王生晖^{1, 2, 3}

1.
中国地质大学(北京) 能源学院, 北京 100083
2.
中国地质大学(北京) 海相储层演化与油气富集机理教育部重点实验室, 北京 100083
3.
中国地质大学(北京) 非常规天然气地质评价与开发北京市重点实验室, 北京 100083
4.
中国石化西北油田分公司, 乌鲁木齐 830011

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金面上项目 42072173

国家自然科学基金面上项目 42372171

详细信息

作者简介:
丁文龙(1965—), 男, 教授, 博士生导师, 从事石油构造分析与控油气作用研究。E-mail: dingwenlong2006@126.com

通讯作者:
刘天顺(1996—), 男, 博士生, 从事石油构造分析与控油气作用研究。E-mail: liutianshun2020@126.com

中图分类号: TE122.32
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-06-05
- 修回日期: 2024-07-01
- 刊出日期: 2024-07-28

Current research status and development trends of fault sealing

DING Wenlong^{1, 2, 3
,},
LIU Tianshun^{1, 2, 3
, ,},
CAO Zicheng⁴,
LI Haiying⁴,
HAN Jun⁴,
HUANG Cheng⁴,
WANG Shenghui^{1, 2, 3}

1.
School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2.
Key Laboratory for Marine Reservoir Evolution and Hydrocarbon Abundance Mechanism of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
3.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Unconventional Natural Gas Geology Evaluation and Development, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
4.
Northwest Oil Field Company, SINOPEC, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China

摘要

摘要: 断裂控油气作用主要表现在其对油气运移、聚集过程及分布规律的影响, 其实质是断裂封闭性问题。断裂封闭性往往是受多种因素控制的，不同地区不同层系在不同地质时期的断裂封闭机制与封闭性主控因素差异较大。目前，断裂封闭性、封闭机理与评价方法还没有形成完整的研究体系，其评价的精度也有待提高。依据全面系统地调研断裂封闭性方面近年来的研究热点，归纳总结了断裂封闭机理，分析了断裂封闭主控因素，梳理了断裂封闭性评价方法，讨论了断裂封闭性研究中面临的实际问题，并提出了未来研究发展趋势。目前，断裂的封闭机理可以分为垂向和侧向封闭机理，前者包括断裂面封闭机理和断裂带排替压力差封闭机理，后者包括砂泥对接封闭机理、泥岩涂抹形成的侧向封闭机理和断裂带高排替压力封闭机理。断裂发育特征、断裂两盘岩性、应力场环境以及压实、胶结、溶蚀等成岩作用是影响断裂封闭性的主要因素，不同因素对断裂封闭性的作用方式不同，断裂在不同位置、不同时期的封闭性有着明显的差别。断裂封闭性评价研究方法可归结为以下4类：(1)传统地质学方法，包括定性分析和半定量分析；(2)数学地质方法，涵盖逻辑信息法、非线性映射分析法、模糊综合评判法、灰色关联分析法等；(3)构造应力场数值模拟及断裂封闭性相关参数计算法；(4)地球化学方法。碳酸盐岩地层断裂启闭机制与封闭性评价、应力和流体及其耦合作用对断裂封闭性的影响机制、多因素的断裂封闭性综合定量评价、断裂封闭性的时空演化及通源能力评估等是未来断裂封闭性研究的发展方向。
- 断裂封闭性 /
- 断裂封闭机理 /
- 排替压力 /
- 泥岩涂抹 /
- 断裂控油气作用
Abstract: The controlling effect of faults on hydrocarbon pool formation is mainly reflected in their impact on the processes of hydrocarbon migration, accumulation and distribution. Its essence is the problem of fault sealing. Fault sealing is typically influenced by a variety of factors, and the mechanism and the main controlling factors of fault sealing differ significantly across different layers, regions and geological periods. At present, there is no complete research system for the evaluation of fault sealing, and the accuracy of its evaluation needs to be improved. By comprehensively and systematically investigating recent research hotspots in the area of fault sealing, we summarize the mechanism of fault sealing, analyze the main controlling factors, systematically categorize the evaluation methods, and discuss the practical issues faced in fault sealing research. We also propose the development trends of future research. Fault sealing mechanisms can be divided into vertical and lateral sealing mechanisms. The former includes fault surface sealing and displacement pressure difference sealing within fault zones, while the latter includes sand and mud juxtaposition sealing, lateral sealing formed by shale smearing, and high displacement pressure sealing within fault zones. The main factors affecting fault sealing include fault development characteristics, lithology of the two fault walls, stress field environment, and diagenetic processes such as compaction, cementation, and dissolution. Different factors influence fault sealing in various ways, and fault sealing varies significantly with location and time. The research methods for fault sealing evaluation can be classified into four categories: (1) traditional geological methods: including qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses; (2) mathematical geological methods: including logistic information method, nonlinear mapping analysis, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, grey correlation analysis, etc.; (3) numerical simulation of the tectonic stress field and calculation of parameters related to fault sealing; and (4) geochemical methods. Future research directions include fault opening and sealing mechanism and sealing evaluation of carbonate rock strata, the impact mechanism of stress and fluid coupling on fault sealing, comprehensive quantitative evaluations of fault sealing with multiple factors, the temporal and spatial evolution of fault sealing, and the assessment of fault connectivity.
- fault sealing /
- fault sealing mechanism /
- displacement pressure /
- mudstone smearing /
- controlling effect of faults on hydrocarbons
注释:

利益冲突声明/Conflict of Interests

所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。

All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

作者贡献/Authors’Contributions

所有作者均参与论文写作和修改。所有作者均阅读并同意最终稿件的提交。

The manuscript was drafted and revised by all the authors. All authors have read the last version of the paper and consented to its submission.

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图 1 正断裂二元结构与裂缝密度和渗透率关系示意图

据参考文献[86]修改。

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the binary structure of the fault in relation to fracture density and permeability

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图 2 典型走滑断裂平移段内部结构

据参考文献[84]，有修改。

Figure 2. Internal structure of a simple shear section of a typical strike-slip fault

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图 3 走滑断裂典型内部结构样式

a-b.走滑断裂压扭段和张扭段构造变形实验横剖面，示锥形变形；实线是有断距的破裂，虚线是断层泥的痕迹，实块指失去的物质(据文献[73])；c-d.正花状构造(压扭段)和负花状构造(张扭段)示意；e-f.地震剖面上解释的正花状构造和负花状构造。

Figure 3. Typical internal structural styles of strike-slip faults

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图 4 ALLAN图解

据参考文献[24]，有修改。

Figure 4. ALLAN illustration

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图 5 断裂面受力分析剖面图(a)和平面图(b)

Figure 5. Cross section (a) and plain view (b) of force analysis on the fault surface

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图 6 断裂泥岩涂抹潜力(CSP)、涂抹因子(SSF)和断裂泥岩比率(SGR) 算法

据参考文献[105]，有修改。

Figure 6. Algorithms for clay smear potential (CSP), shale smear factor (SSF) and shale gouge ratio (SGR)

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表 1 断裂垂向封闭机理形式及特点

Table 1. Types and characteristics of fault vertical sealing mechanisms

封闭机理形式		封闭机理运作方式
断裂面(无断裂填充物) 封闭机理		断裂带内无填充物时，断裂面主要受到应力作用而封闭。断面应力主要是由区域构造应力和上覆地层重力组成。断面应力越大，断裂越紧闭，封闭性越好；反之，开启性越好。需要指出的是，断裂面的不平整会使得断裂面局部(陡角处)在应力作用较强的情况下仍然开启
断裂带(存在断裂填充物)封闭机理	泥质填充物封闭机理	泥质含量高的填充物颗粒较细、孔渗低、排替压力高；而砂质含量高的填充物颗粒较粗、孔渗高、排替压力低。因此断裂带上部以泥质填充物为主，而下部填充物砂质含量较高时，就会在垂向上形成排替压力差，形成封闭作用。当断裂带上部填充物的砂质含量较高，而下部以泥质填充物为主时，就难以形成封闭作用
断裂带(存在断裂填充物)封闭机理	后期成岩封闭机理	当流体(大气淡水、地层水、深部热液流体和成烃流体)沿着断裂从深部往浅部运移时，由于物理环境的变化，流体会与断裂面上的物质发生物理化学反应，导致矿物质过饱和而沉淀下来(如CaCO₃沉淀形成方解石，SiO₂沉淀形成石英，烃类流体氧化形成沥青)，断裂内部胶结的矿物和形成的固体沥青使得断裂带中岩石孔渗降低，排替压力增大。如果断裂带上部胶结和沥青充填作用严重，而下部弱，则断裂在垂向上形成排替压力差，具有封闭能力
注：据参考文献[1, 43, 63-64]总结。

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表 2 断裂侧向封闭机理形式及特点

Table 2. Types and characteristics of fault lateral sealing mechanisms

封闭机理形式		封闭机理运作方式
砂泥对接封闭机理(无断裂填充物)		断裂带内无充填物时，目的层与其对置盘的排替压力差决定着断裂侧向封闭的能力。若目的层排替压力小于其对置盘的排替压力，断裂具有侧向封闭性，可以阻止油气进行侧向运移；若目的层排替压力大于其对置盘的排替压力，断裂不具有侧向封闭性，油气可以进行侧向运移。一般而言，当目的层为砂岩时，其孔渗高而排替压力低，而对置盘为泥岩时，其孔渗低而排替压力高，这种情况下泥岩对砂岩可以起到封闭油气的作用
泥岩涂抹封闭机理(无断裂填充物)		同沉积断裂活动时，区域构造应力和重力等会使得断裂附近的泥岩挤入断裂带的空隙，这样就会在断裂面上形成薄的泥岩涂抹层，且其孔渗能力较围岩中泥岩更差，故而具有较高的排替压力，其侧向封闭能力尤其好。侧向封闭作用主要取决于泥岩涂抹的空间分布连续性。泥岩涂抹的连续性越好，其侧向封闭性越好，反之亦然
断裂带封闭机理(存在断裂填充物)	泥质填充物封闭机理	若断裂填充物以泥质为主时，目的层砂岩与断裂的泥质填充物形成排替压力差，使得断裂具有侧向封闭性，可以阻止油气进行侧向运移。若断裂填充物以砂质为主时，目的层砂岩与砂质填充物难以形成排替压力差，故断裂侧向封闭性差
断裂带封闭机理(存在断裂填充物)	后期成岩封闭机理	当断裂填充物以砂质为主时，后期的流体与断面物质的物理化学作用、在断裂带内胶结的矿物和形成的固体沥青仍然会使砂质填充物的孔渗降低、排替压力升高，致使目的层与填充物形成排替压力差，从而使断裂具备侧向封闭性，阻止油气进行侧向运移
注：据参考文献[1-2, 28, 43, 66-67]总结。

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表 3 断裂封闭性主要影响因素及作用方式

Table 3. Main factors and modes of action influencing fault sealing

序号	影响因素	影响作用分析
1	断裂内部结构	主动盘的开启性一般优于被动盘，主动盘具有纵横向输导的特征，而被动盘通常呈纵横向遮挡，不同部位的封闭性往往存在差异
2	断裂力学性质	张性断裂封闭性通常较差，压性断裂具有较好的封闭性，扭性断裂在垂向上的封闭性最佳
3	断裂走向	当区域水平最大主应力与断裂走向的锐夹角增加时，封闭性变好；夹角越接近0°时，断裂容易开启；夹角越接近90°时，断裂封闭性越好
4	断裂倾角	在伸展盆地中，随着断裂倾角增加，封闭性越差；而在压缩盆地中，随着断裂倾角增加，封闭性越好
5	断距	断距增大可以使断裂岩裂缝增多，有利于断裂泥的形成，因此需要综合考虑断距对封闭性的影响
6	埋深	在伸展盆地中，随着深度增加，封闭性越好；在挤压性盆地中，随着深度增加，封闭性越差
7	断裂形成时期	同沉积断裂由于岩石塑性强，容易形成涂抹层，或者使断裂带的孔隙度和渗透率减小。然而，随着沉积后岩石的固结，其脆性增强，被断裂错断后形成的岩石粒度增大，孔隙度和渗透率也增加。这样的变化容易导致封闭的断裂带重新开启，破坏涂抹层
8	断裂活动时期	按照断裂活动时期，其封闭性由早期到晚期逐渐减弱，表现为早期＞长期＞晚期
9	断裂活动性	活动的断裂封闭能力差，而静止的断裂封闭能力相对好
10	断裂产状与地层产状配置关系	若地层与断裂产状一致时，断裂封闭流体能力较差；而当断裂与地层产状相反时，断裂封闭流体能力较好
11	断裂组合形式	在相同条件下，地堑型断裂通常比地垒型断裂具有更好的封闭性
12	对置盘岩性	砂岩与砂岩对置时，封闭性较差；而砂岩与泥岩对置时，封闭性则较好
13	砂泥岩厚度比	砂泥比越小，砂岩与泥岩对接的可能性越大，且形成泥岩涂抹层的概率也较高，断裂封闭性越好
14	泥岩涂抹系数	泥岩涂抹层越连续，则断裂封闭能力越好
15	应力作用	断面应力高于岩石的抗压强度时，断面封闭性好；反之，封闭性较差
16	断裂内流体作用	断裂带填充物为砂质时，断裂内的流体与填充物发生后期成岩作用，可能导致沉积物填塞孔隙；油气的氧化会生成沥青固结，使孔隙度降低
17	断裂带充填物的胶结作用	胶结作用越强，孔隙度和渗透率就越低，差异排替压力就越高，断裂封闭能力越好
18	压实作用	压实作用可使松散的断裂填充物变得更紧密，孔隙闭合，渗透率下降。它还能导致无填充物的断裂断面紧闭，阻止流体在断裂中的运移，提高断裂的封闭性
19	溶蚀作用	当含烃流体通过断裂运移时，烃类脱羧基释放的CO₂溶解于地层水中，同时生成有机酸，使地层水呈酸性，可能对岩石或裂隙中的胶结物产生溶蚀作用，影响断裂的封闭性，增加其输导能力
注：据参考文献[1, 21, 28, 31, 43-44, 72, 87-90]等总结。

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表 4 断裂封闭性评价的主要研究方法

Table 4. Main research methods for the evaluation of fault sealing

评价方法		评价因素	量化程度
传统地质学方法	从影响断裂封闭性的主控因素入手，评价断裂的封闭能力或好坏	任何单一因素	定性
	ALLAN图或断裂面构造图	对置盘岩性	半定量
	断裂面压力	应力作用	定量
	泥岩涂抹能力、涂抹因子、断裂泥比率	砂泥岩厚度比和泥岩涂抹系数	定量
数学地质方法	逻辑信息法、非线性映取分析法、模糊综合评判法、灰色关联分析法	多种主控因素	定量
构造应力场模拟方法	构造应力场数值模拟及断裂封闭相关参数计算法	应力作用与断裂几何学特征	定量
地球化学方法	流体化学性质差异法		定性
地球化学方法	同位素法	胶结作用	定性
注：据参考文献[1, 58, 89, 96, 110, 114-117]等总结。

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参考文献(123)

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