Pore evolution in tight sandstone and its impact on oil saturation: a case study of Chang 6 to Chang 8 reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin
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摘要: 致密砂岩储层的微观非均质性强，含油饱和度变化大。为了探究致密砂岩储层成岩过程中孔喉大小分布的变化及其对含油饱和度的影响，以鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段致密砂岩储层为例，利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞等测试手段，定量计算了成岩作用对孔隙度的影响。在此基础上，以孔喉参数的统计模型为约束条件，建立了主要成藏期孔喉大小分布模型，利用积分方法计算出了主要成藏期的可动流体饱和度。甘泉地区长6—长8段致密砂岩储层在早成岩期—中成岩期受到强烈的压实作用，平均压实减孔率为81.85%，胶结作用进一步使孔隙度平均降低11.00%左右，溶蚀作用虽然增加了孔隙空间，但增幅较小，平均为4.38%；主要成藏期开始(128 Ma)和结束(111 Ma)对应的平均古孔隙度分别为13.82%和8.68%，大于最小流动孔喉半径(0.1 μm)的孔喉体积占比低，可动流体饱和度为35.05%~93.27%。主要成藏期孔喉半径及可动流体饱和度偏低是含油饱和度低的原因之一。受储层自生黏土矿物对岩石润湿性的影响，现今含油饱和度值并未急剧降低。成藏时期孔喉大小分布模型计算油层可动流体饱和度为研究类似地区油气储层孔喉大小演化及其与含油饱和度的关系提供了一种可行的分析方法。Abstract: Tight sandstone reservoirs exhibit strong microscopic heterogeneity and significant variations in oil saturation. To investigate the variations in pore and throat size distribution during the diagenesis of tight sandstone reservoirs as well as their impact on oil saturation, the study takes the Chang 6 to Chang 8 tight sandstone reservoirs of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ganquan area of the Ordos Basin as a case study. The influence of diagenesis on porosity was quantitatively calculated using methods such as cast thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-pressure mercury injection. On the basis of the test results, a pore and throat size distribution model during the main hydrocarbon accumulation period was established, constrained by statistical models of pore and throat parameters. The movable fluid saturation during the main hydrocarbon accumulation period was then calculated using integration methods. The results showed that the Chang 6 to Chang 8 tight sandstone reservoirs experienced strong compaction during the early and middle diagenetic stages, with an average porosity reduction of 81.85% due to compaction. Cementation further reduced porosity by about 11.00% on average. Although dissolution increased pore space, the increase was relatively smaller, with an average value of 4.38%. The average paleoporosity at the beginning (128 Ma) and the end (111 Ma) of the main hydrocarbon accumulation period was 13.82% and 8.68%, respectively. The volume proportion of pore and throat radii greater than the minimum flow throat radius (0.1 μm) was low, and the movable fluid saturation ranged from 35.05% to 93.27%. The low pore and throat radii and movable fluid saturation during the main hydrocarbon accumulation period was one of the reasons for low oil saturation. However, due to the influence of authigenic clay minerals on reservoir rock wettability, the current oil saturation has not decreased sharply. The pore and throat size distribution model during hydrocarbon accumulation provides a feasible method for analyzing the evolution of pore and throat size as well as its relationship with oil saturation in similar reservoirs.
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图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8油藏连井剖面
Figure 1. Connecting well profile of Chang 6 to Chang 8 reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin
图 2 鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段储层铸体薄片及扫描电镜照片
a.碎屑颗粒间线接触和凹凸状接触，长6段，M66-2井，879.09 m；b.方解石和白云石充填孔隙，长7段，M14-2井，747.71 m；c.铁方解石填充次生溶孔，长8段，M14-2井，926.05 m；d.方解石交代长石，长7段，M66-2井，977.86 m；e.绿泥石衬边式充填孔隙，长6段，M66-2井，869.00 m；f.卷片状伊利石充填孔隙，长7段，M14-2井，747.51 m；g.伊利石胶结孔隙，长7段，M66-2井，977.86 m；h.柱状石英充填孔隙，长6段，M66-2井，869.00 m；i.长石粒内溶孔，长7段，M14-2井，746.66 m。
Figure 2. Cast thin sections and scanning electron microscope images of Chang 6 to Chang 8 reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin
图 3 鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段储层成岩序列及孔隙度演化
Figure 3. Diagenetic sequence and porosity evolution of Chang 6 to Chang 8 reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin
图 4 鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段储层现今孔喉大小分布及渗透率主要贡献区间
Figure 4. Present pore and throat size distribution and main contribution intervals for permeability of Chang 6 to Chang 8 reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin
图 5 鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段储层物性与孔喉参数关系
Figure 5. Relationship between reservoir physical properties and pore and throat parameters of Chang 6 to Chang 8 reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin
图 6 鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8储层样品现今孔喉大小分布
Figure 6. Present pore and throat size distribution in samples from Chang 6 to Chang 8 reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin
图 7 鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段致密砂岩储层成藏时期及现今的可动流体饱和度
Figure 7. Movable fluid saturation during hydrocarbon accumulation period and at present in Chang 6 to Chang 8 tight sandstone reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin
图 8 鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段致密砂岩储层孔喉分形维数与可动流体饱和度关系
Figure 8. Relationship between pore and throat fractal dimension and movable fluid saturation in Chang 6 to Chang 8 tight sandstone reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin
表 1 鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段储层成岩作用导致的孔隙度变化
Table 1. Porosity variations due to diagenesis in Chang 6 to Chang 8 reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin
表 2 鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段储层古孔隙度及其沉积相特征
Table 2. Paleoporosity and depositional facies characteristics of Chang 6 to Chang 8 reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin
井名 样品号 深度/m 地层 Φ古(128 Ma)/% Φ古(111 Ma)/% Φ今/% 沉积微相 成岩相 孔喉分形维数 M66-2 P14 883.29 长6段 13.36 11.26 7.43 水下分流河道 绿泥石薄膜相 2.630 9 M57-1 P66 908.78 11.78 9.27 5.68 水下分流河道 方解石胶结相 2.637 6 M109 P71 889.25 12.97 7.75 4.08 水下分流河道 绿泥石薄膜相 2.693 9 M101 P73 799.83 12.48 8.76 4.71 水下分流河道 绿泥石薄膜相 2.568 1 M66-2 P1 972.72 长7段 12.07 9.12 4.46 浊积水道侧翼 方解石胶结相 2.659 9 M101 P75 856.48 12.50 8.96 4.71 浊积水道 绿泥石薄膜相 2.570 1 M101 P80 860.18 14.38 9.25 4.95 浊积水道 绿泥石薄膜相 2.619 2 M14-2 P46 911.33 长8段 14.32 8.94 4.61 水下分流河道 强压实相 2.537 9 M14-2 P53 921.31 12.93 7.83 4.27 河道侧翼 方解石胶结相 2.563 0 M14-2 P55 922.20 18.64 7.71 4.29 水下分流河道 绿泥石薄膜相 2.657 9 M14-2 P57 924.32 14.97 7.97 4.49 水下分流河道 强压实相 2.516 3 M14-2 P59 924.90 14.79 8.39 4.56 水下分流河道 强压实相 2.670 6 M14-2 P62 926.05 14.21 8.40 4.42 水下分流河道 绿泥石薄膜相 2.637 2 M14-2 P65 927.19 14.02 7.93 4.37 水下分流河道 强压实相 2.623 8 
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表 3 鄂尔多斯盆地甘泉地区三叠系延长组长6—长8段储层不同时刻的峰值孔喉半径及可动流体饱和度
Table 3. Peak pore and throat radii and movable fluid saturation at different times in Chang 6 to Chang 8 reservoirs in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ganquan area, Ordos Basin
井名 样品号 深度/m 层位 r今/μm r古(111 Ma)/μm r古(128 Ma)/μm 可动流体饱和度/% 128 Ma 111 Ma 现今 M66-2 P14 883.29 长6段 0.067 0.117 8 0.149 4 80.07 67.97 40.28 M57-1 P66 908.78 0.045 0.098 9 0.129 9 70.05 58.42 12.95 M109 P71 889.25 0.045 0.080 1 0.144 6 73.15 35.62 2.21 M101 P73 799.83 0.041 0.091 7 0.138 5 77.40 50.97 11.52 M66-2 P1 972.72 长7段 0.042 0.095 7 0.133 5 74.97 54.01 12.58 M101 P75 856.48 0.044 0.095 1 0.138 8 70.99 51.84 4.95 M101 P80 860.18 0.041 0.097 5 0.162 0 82.80 64.24 36.11 M14-2 P46 911.33 长8段 0.039 0.094 9 0.161 3 82.69 59.25 26.61 M14-2 P53 921.31 0.038 0.081 1 0.144 1 78.09 52.96 26.61 M14-2 P55 922.20 0.028 0.079 7 0.214 6 93.27 48.22 13.66 M14-2 P57 924.32 0.048 0.082 9 0.169 3 80.66 35.50 1.78 M14-2 P59 924.90 0.043 0.088 0 0.167 1 77.43 49.45 6.63 M14-2 P62 926.05 0.046 0.086 2 0.159 9 86.11 42.29 8.21 M14-2 P65 927.19 0.043 0.082 3 0.157 6 84.41 41.92 10.87
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