Prediction and zoning evaluation of in-situ stress field in deep tight sandstone reservoirs of Western Sichuan Depression, Sichuan Basin: a case study of the second member of Xujiahe Formation in Xinchang and Fenggu area
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摘要: 四川盆地川西坳陷新场构造带三叠系须家河组二段致密气藏资源潜力巨大，但地质构造复杂，勘探开发面临巨大挑战。尤其是对现今地应力状态和展布规律的认识尚不清晰，严重制约了工程甜点选取、井眼轨迹优化以及储层压裂改造工作的开展。为明确研究区须二段致密气藏现今地应力的分布特征，从岩心试验、矿场测试和测井解释等多个角度切入，明确单井地应力特征；充分考虑构造变形和断裂对地应力的扰动特征，采用Rhinoceros和FLAC3D软件，对须二段进行了精细的三维应力场建模与预测；基于地应力分布预测结果，选取对压裂和产量影响较大的最小主应力和应力差作为评价指标，对应力场特征进行了分区评价，并对不同应力区井位部署、井轨迹及压裂改造设计给出了初步建议。新场构造带须二段的现今最大水平主应力方向多在N85°—108°E之间，整体随埋深增加逆时针偏转；现今地应力属于走滑应力机制，中部合兴场三向应力明显高于新场和丰谷地区，构造变形和断裂对局部应力场存在扰动。应力分区结果显示，有利于压裂改造的低应力差—低地应力区主要发育在新场和合兴场的三级东西向断裂和四级南北、北东向断裂带附近，以及丰谷地区的构造张性扰动区域。Abstract: The second member of the Triassic Xujiahe Formation (Xu 2 Member) in the Xinchang structural belt of the Western Sichuan Depression in the Sichuan Basin contains tight gas reservoirs with enormous resource potential. However, the geological structure is complex, presenting significant challenges for exploration and development. In particular, the current understanding of its in-situ stress state and distribution patterns is insufficient, severely restricting the selection of sweet spots for engineering, wellbore trajectory optimization, and reservoir fracturing modification. To clarify the current in-situ stress distribution characteristics in the tight gas reservoirs of the Xu 2 Member, the paper analyzed data from core tests, field tests, and well logging interpretation to determine the stress characteristics at individual wells. Considering the disturbances to the stress field caused by tectonic deformation and faults, Rhinoceros and FLAC3D software were used to precisely model and predict the three-dimensional in-situ stress field of the Xu 2 Member. Based on the stress distribution predictions, the minimum principal stress and stress differential, which significantly impacted fracturing and production, were selected as evaluation indicators. The stress field characteristics were zoned and evaluated, and preliminary suggestions were provided for well location deployment, well trajectory, and fracturing modification design in different in-situ stress zones. The results show that the current maximum horizontal principal stress direction in the Xu 2 Member of the Xinchang structural belt mostly ranges from N85° to 108°E, with an overall counterclockwise rotation as burial depth increases. The current in-situ stress regime corresponds to a strike-slip stress mechanism, with the central Hexingchang area showing significantly higher triaxial stress than the Xinchang and Fenggu areas. Moreover, local in-situ stress fields are disturbed by tectonic deformation and faults. The stress zoning results show that the low stress differential and low in-situ stress zones, which are favorable for fracturing modification, mainly develop near the third-order east-west-trending faults and the fourth-order north-south and northeast-trending faults in the Xinchang and Hexingchang areas, as well as in the extensional disturbance areas in the Fenggu area.
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图 1 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段气藏地理位置、区域构造特征
据参考文献[26]修改。
Figure 1. Geographic location and regional structural characteristics of gas reservoirs in the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 2 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段古地磁和波速各向异性实验数据
Figure 2. Experimental data of paleomagnetism and wave velocity anisotropy in the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 3 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段单井现今最大水平主应力方向解释结果
Figure 3. Interpretation results of current maximum horizontal principal stress direction at individual wells in the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 4 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段地应力大小解释结果平面投影
Figure 4. Planar projection of interpreted in-situ stress results in the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 5 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段地质模型及网格剖分
Figure 5. Geological model and grid subdivision of the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 6 四川盆地新场构造带Tx22小层弹性参数与砂地比关系
Figure 6. Relationship between elastic parameters and sandstone-to-clay ratio in Tx22 sublayer, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 7 四川盆地新场构造带Tx22小层岩石力学参数分布
Figure 7. Distribution of rock mechanical parameters in Tx22 sublayer, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 8 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段初始外边界的生成与计算模型构建
Figure 8. Generation of initial outer boundary and construction of computational model for the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 9 四川盆地新场构造带Tx21、Tx22、Tx24小层现今地应力数值模拟结果
Figure 9. Numerical simulation results of current in-situ stress of Tx21, Tx22 and Tx24 sublayers, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 10 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段井剖面现今地应力大小和方向解释结果与模拟结果吻合度统计
Figure 10. Statistical correlation between interpreted and simulated results of current in-situ stress magnitude and direction for well profiles in the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 11 四川盆地新场构造带Tx22小层现今地应力大小数值模拟结果平面分布
Figure 11. Planar distribution of numerical simulation results for current in-situ stress magnitude in Tx22 sublayer, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 12 四川盆地新场构造带Tx22小层现今最大水平主应力方向数值模拟结果平面分布
Figure 12. Planar distribution of numerical simulation results for maximum horizontal principal stress direction in Tx22 sublayer, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 13 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段现今地应力对生产井开发的影响
Figure 13. Influence of current in-situ stress on production well development in the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
图 14 四川盆地新场构造带Tx22小层应力分区结果
Figure 14. Stress zoning result for Tx22 sublayer in Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
表 1 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段岩心古地磁和波速各向异性实验测试结果
Table 1. Experimental results of paleomagnetism and wave velocity anisotropy on core samples from the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
井号 深度/m 层位 古地磁定向角度β 最大水平主应力与标志线夹角α 最大水平主应力方向θ W51 4 488.00 Tx21 N77.8°E 30° N107.8°E W38 4 623.81 Tx22 N173.2°E 100° N93.2°E W45 4 887.16 Tx23 N290.2°E 170° N100.2°E W12 5 080.72 Tx26 N338.2°E 120° N98.2°E W30 5 270.30 Tx26 N209.8°E 80° N109.8°E 
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表 2 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段现今地应力方向评价方法汇总[37-40]
Table 2. Summary of evaluation methods for current in-situ stress direction in the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
现今地应力方向解释方法 原理 单井解释实例与地应力方向玫瑰花图 诱导缝和井壁崩落影像分析 
多井径测井分析 
偶极横波各向异性分析 
广域电磁监测 
注: σH和σh, 分别为最大水平主应力和最小水平主应力。
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表 3 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段岩石声发射实验测试结果[29]
Table 3. Experimental results of acoustic emission testing on rock samples from the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
井号 井深/m 层位 最大水平主应力/MPa 最小水平主应力/MPa 垂向主应力/MPa W51 4 487.00 Tx21 118.76 90.04 110.71 W5 4 762.24 Tx22 135.26 100.68 129.56 W54 4 943.80 Tx24 132.71 98.07 120.12 W63 4 766.83 Tx24 133.13 105.09 124.14 W30 5 270.70 Tx26 144.01 109.79 128.87
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表 4 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段差应变实验测试结果[44]
Table 4. Experimental results of differential strain testing in the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
井号 深度/m 层位 最大水平主应力/MPa 最小水平主应力/MPa 垂向主应力/MPa W38 4 566.14 Tx21 135.09 100.65 111.87 W25 4 810.97 Tx22 141.00 102.00 125.00 W38 4 639.29 Tx22 137.60 104.72 113.66 W4 4 882.06 Tx24 148.86 107.93 119.61 W4 4 884.04 Tx24 140.75 104.76 119.66
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表 5 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段现今地应力大小评价方法汇总[29, 46-49]
Table 5. Summary of evaluation methods for current in-situ stress magnitude in the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
现今地应力大小解释方法 原理 单井解释实例 水力压裂资料 
诱导缝影像反演 
井壁崩落反演 
测井资料 基于连续采集的密度测井资料，对上覆岩层进行密度积分可求得垂向主应力。利用横波测井和三孔隙度测井数据，可计算出泊松比、弹性模量等岩石力学参数，并通过对应的地应力模型可计算出水平主应力，并构建连续的地应力剖面。 
注: H为岩心长度; d为岩心直径; dmax为岩心椭圆端面长轴直径; dmin为岩心椭圆端面短轴直径; μ为断层滑动摩擦系数; B0为井壁崩落宽度; EUCS为有效单轴抗压强度; NF为正断层状态; SS为走滑断层状态; RF为逆断层状态。
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表 6 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段不同小层岩石力学参数相关性分析汇总
Table 6. Summary of correlation analysis of rock mechanical parameters for different sublayers in the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
相应参数 须家河组二段各小层 Tx21 Tx22 Tx23 Tx24 Tx25和Tx26 弹性模量 y=0.203 5x+33.146 y=0.161 9x+36.485 y=0.153 1x+36.923 y=0.051 4x+43.191 y=0.184 8x+35.234 泊松比 y=-0.000 2x+0.188 2 y=-0.002 1x+0.344 7 y=-0.001x+0.258 7 y=-0.001 5x+0.303 5 y=-0.001 6x+0.313 2 内摩擦力 y=-279.1x+115.62 内摩擦角 y=-122.45x+60.04 抗拉强度 y=22.329x+1.558 3 注：参数弹性模量和泊松比公式中的x表示砂地比；内摩擦力、内摩擦角、抗拉强度公式中的x表示泊松比。
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表 7 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段断裂附近岩石力学参数分析汇总
Table 7. Summary of rock mechanical parameter analysis near faults in the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
参数 三、四级断裂 五级断裂 SN向 NE向 EW向 SN向 NE向 EW向 断裂扰动范围/m 500 400 300 400 300 200 弹性模量/GPa(从断裂核部到平稳区过渡) 20~50 25~50 40~50 25~50 30~50 45~50 泊松比(从断裂核部到平稳区过渡) 0.4~0.2 0.35~0.20 0.25~0.20 0.35~0.20 0.3~0.20 0.25~0.20
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表 8 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段应力分级评价标准
Table 8. Evaluation criteria of in-situ stress classification for the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
分级标准 应力分级评价 水平两向应力差/MPa 最小水平主应力/MPa Ⅰ类(低应力差—低地应力) < 44 < 95 Ⅱ类(高应力差—低地应力) ＞44 < 95 Ⅲ类(低应力差—高地应力) < 44 ＞95 不利区(高应力差—高地应力) ＞44 ＞95
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表 9 四川盆地新场构造带须家河组二段工程改造建议
Table 9. Engineering modification suggestions for the second member of Xujiahe Formation, Xinchang structural belt, Sichuan Basin
项目 I类有利区 Ⅱ类有利区 Ⅲ类有利区 分布位置 SN向四级断褶或NE向三级断褶内 SN向四级断裂、NE向三级断裂、EW向三级断裂及其复合 NE向褶皱与SN或EW向褶皱复合区 五级以下SN向断缝体、四级以下NE和EW向断缝体 地应力特征 断裂应力释放带和张性扰动区应力规模较小，应力差较小 地应力方向近EW向，断裂应力释放带内应力规模较小，应力差系数较小 须二段2小层以上主要为张性扰动区，应力规模较小，地应力以N80°E为主 地应力受河道方向影响弱偏转，以NEE向为主，应力规模相对较大 井型与井位轨迹建议示意图 
压裂改造方式 提高有效裂缝与应力释放带钻遇率，采用少段少簇、大液量、中砂量等改造方式 提高有效裂缝与应力释放带钻遇率，采用少段少簇、大液量、中砂量等改造方式 提高有效裂缝与张性扰动区钻遇率，中高黏液体压裂，以垂向射孔方式完井，采用多段多簇、大液量、中-大砂量进行压裂 提高有效裂缝与优势砂体的钻遇率，高黏-交联液体压裂，以垂向射孔方式完井，采用多段少簇、中液量、大砂量进行压裂
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